Transformation of Phosphorus in Forest and Savannah Agro-Ecological Alfisols incubated with Different Phosphorus Fertilizers,in Ekiti state,Southwestern Nigeria

Experiments on incubation with phosphorus (P) changes in two Nigerian Alfisols, were evaluated on the effectiveness of P sources (ground phosphate rock, GRP-9% P, Pace-setter Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (PR-fortified P-S-OM, 11% P and single superphosphate, SSP-7.7% P, for reference). All samples were adjusted to water tension measured at M Ψ w = 0.03 MPa. Changes in applied P were evaluated at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after which data were analyzed using analysis of variance and correlations. Over 24 weeks of incubation, SSP transformed mostly into iron (Fe)-bound P and GPR produced the highest inorganic phosphate ions and transformed largely into the soluble and more chemically stable residual P, in both soils. This fraction, had high and positive correlations (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) with soil properties and constituted a major source and sinks of plant available P. Thus, GPR contributing beneficial effects of residual phosphates.     

核主成分分析方法在农业机械性能综合评价中的应用

核主成分分析(KPCA) 方法是通过非线性变换,将指标原变量空间映射到高维特征空间,并在高维特征空间中进行主成分分析的方法.为此,将该方法应用于农业机械性能综合评价的研究中,不仅实现了数据降维,而且还有效地处理了各指标的非线性影响,与其它评价方法相比较,评价结果更客观且指导性较强,取得了良好的效果.     

水稻谷粒冲击损伤临界速度分

以接触力学为基础,建立了脱粒元件与稻谷对心碰撞时压缩位移和最大压力分布模型.针对不同含水率时稻谷塑性、脆性力学性质的差异.得出了稻谷与脱粒元件冲击损伤临界速度计算公式.对钉齿与镇稻10号、武香梗14、淮稻9号、镇糯653和协优084稻谷冲击损伤临界速度进行了实例计算,在试验台架上进行了实测,试验均值与理论计算基本一致.     

Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis

Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis.Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F₂ through F₁ when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F₂ base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation.Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.     

NCT对小麦衰老生理的影响

以新合成的NCT配制成不同浓度的水溶液，对灌浆初期的大田小麦进行叶面喷施，以喷清水作对照，并以与NCT相同浓度梯度的NAA水溶液作对比处理，测定了喷后不同时期小麦旗叶的相对电导率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明：NCT能延缓灌浆期SOD活力，使叶绿素含量降低，控制相对电导率和MDA含量的升高，并使小麦穗粒重和千粒重增加，其效果明显优于NAA。     

9个穗分枝裸大麦突变体的穗部特性及其差异分析

穗分枝突变体是大麦穗发育研究的重要种质。利用EMS诱变北青7号的成熟种子,再通过连续7年自交繁殖选育了9个裸大麦穗分枝突变(Ynbs)株系。在不同世代中9个Ynbs株系的穗分枝性状均可稳定遗传,多联穗明显退化,每个主穗着生2~5个分枝穗和10.53±0.53~13.23±0.22个多联穗,每个分枝穗具有1~3个分枝穗轴节,每个多联穗着生10~15个小花。为系统了解Ynbs株系的穗部特性差异,分析了不同材料多联穗数、小花数、结实粒数、结实率、穗茎轴长、穗长、穗轴节数和百粒重的表型差异和偏相关性。结果表明,多联穗数等8个穗部性状在不同材料间均有显著或极显著差异,9个Ynbs株系的多联穗数、结实率和百粒重显著低于诱变亲本,但其小花数极显著高于诱变亲本,多联穗减少、小花增多、结实率和百粒重下降是9个Ynbs株系的共有突变性状;穗分枝性状与多联穗数、结实粒数、结实率、穗长和百粒重5个穗部性状呈极显著偏相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.524、0.584、-0.646、0.418和-0.563。9个Ynbs株系具有穗分枝、多联穗退化、小穗增多等特性,是大麦穗发育等研究的不可替代种质。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

The effects of various plant protection methods on the development of Zymoseptoria tritici and Cephalosporium gramineum,grain yield and protein profile

Septoria leaf blotch progresses rapidly, leading to the development of Zymoseptoria titici forms resistant to fungicides. Cephalosporium stripe is caused by Cephalosporium gramineum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected pesticides in limiting the symptoms of both diseases on winter wheat leaves, and to determine their influence on grain yield and the content and composition of protein fractions in wheat kernels. Propiconazoles were most effective in inhibiting the development of Septoria leaf blotch (symptoms were reduced from 54.7% to 78.6%). Strobilurins were less effective due to the presence of isolates with the G143A mutation. Symptoms of Cephalosporium stripe were rarely observed, and protective treatments did not reduce their severity. The highest content of grain protein (14.81%) was found in plants most intensely protected with the fungicides containing fenpropimorph, pyraclostrobin and epoxiconazole. The principal component analysis revealed that the plant protection method influenced the grain protein profile. The accumulation of HMW glutenins and α/β gliadins was mutually interrelated and higher in high-input treatments; control grain was characterized by close relationships between ω-gliadins, LMW glutenins, albumins and globulins, whereas low-input treatments influenced mostly γ-gliadins.     

基于Harris算子的籽粒尖端识别方法

通过籽粒尖端形态特征分析,提出了一种基于Harris角点检测的籽粒尖端识别方法。Harris算子在一个局部区域中检测角特征,作为籽粒最明显的角结构,尖端在Harris角点检测中具有最大的响应值,使其对尖端不明显的籽粒也有良好的响应。通过对玉米、南瓜和西葫芦等具有尖端特征的750粒籽粒的测试结果表明,提出算法的尖端检测综合准确率为95.6%。