改良剂对铅锌尾矿砂重金属形态的影响

采用改良剂(有机肥、泥炭、土壤)与铅锌尾矿砂混合的试验方法,通过改进BCR法连续提取As、Zn、Pb、Cu的化学形态,评价改良剂对尾矿砂中As、Zn、Pb和Cu的移动性和生物有效性的影响,降低铅锌尾矿砂的重金属污染风险.结果表明,尾矿砂中As、Zn、Pb和Cu总量高,分别为255.44、9 445.67、1 296.02和61.93 mg/kg,重金属主要以残渣态＞可氧化态＞可还原态＞弱酸提取态的形式存在.改良剂与铅锌尾矿砂混合后,As、Zn、Pb、Cu的总量、弱酸提取态所占比例得到降低,其中有机肥和泥炭能显著提升重金属的可氧化态所占比例,使重金属稳定性得到增加,达到降低重金属危害的目的.     

我国红枣去核机的研究现状与发展趋势

红枣加工产品对于红枣销售渠道的拓宽、红枣产业化链条的延长具有重要意义。去核作为红枣精深加工生产中的关键环节,使用优质、高效的去核机可以大大降低红枣去核的劳动强度、提高生产效率、保证去核红枣的安全卫生。主要介绍了目前我国红枣去核机的发展现状,指出了市场上现有各种去核机产品在实际生产过程中存在的问题,分析了我国红枣去核机的发展趋势。     

太原市小店区污灌土壤重金属形态分布特征

在太原小店污灌区,采用田间试验,系统研究了污灌土壤中不同形态重金属Pb,Cr,Cd的含量和在1 m土壤中的垂直分布规律,以及玉米、小麦和大豆对Pb,Cr,Cd的吸收分布特性。结果表明,试验区土壤中全量Pb,Cr,Cb含量均为太原市环境背景值的2~5倍;Tessier法浸提态Pb,Cr,Cb含量均随土壤深度增加而逐渐减少,种植玉米、小麦和大豆对其分布规律没有影响;污灌土壤中Pb和Cr以残渣态为主,Cd以有机物结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主。     

Interactions between residue placement and earthworm ecological strategy affect aggregate turnover and N2O dynamics in agricultural soil

Previous laboratory studies using epigeic and anecic earthworms have shown that earthworm activity can considerably increase nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from crop residues in soils. However, the universality of this effect across earthworm functional groups and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether earthworms with an endogeic strategy also affect N₂O emissions; (ii) to quantify possible interactions with epigeic earthworms; and (iii) to link these effects to earthworm-induced differences in selected soil properties. We initiated a 90-day ¹⁵N-tracer mesocosm study with the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). ¹⁵N-labeled radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Adagio L.) residue was placed on top or incorporated into the loamy (Fluvaquent) soil. When residue was incorporated, only A. caliginosa significantly (p < 0.01) increased cumulative N₂O emissions from 1350 to 2223 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil, with a corresponding increase in the turnover rate of macroaggregates. When residue was applied on top, L. rubellus significantly (p < 0.001) increased emissions from 524 to 929 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹, and a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between the two earthworm species increased emissions to 1397 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹. These effects coincided with an 84% increase in incorporation of residue ¹⁵N into the microaggregate fraction by A. caliginosa (p = 0.003) and an 85% increase in incorporation into the macroaggregate fraction by L. rubellus (p = 0.018). Cumulative CO₂ fluxes were only significantly increased by earthworm activity (from 473.9 to 593.6 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil; p = 0.037) in the presence of L. rubellus when residue was applied on top. We conclude that earthworm-induced N₂O emissions reflect earthworm feeding strategies: epigeic earthworms can increase N₂O emissions when residue is applied on top; endogeic earthworms when residue is incorporated into the soil by humans (tillage) or by other earthworm species. The effects of residue placement and earthworm addition are accompanied by changes in aggregate and SOM turnover, possibly controlling carbon, nitrogen and oxygen availability and therefore denitrification. Our results contribute to understanding the important but intricate relations between (functional) soil biodiversity and the soil greenhouse gas balance. Further research should focus on elucidating the links between the observed changes in soil aggregation and controls on denitrification, including the microbial community.     

Microbial respiration activities related to sequentially separated, particulate and water-soluble organic matter fractions from arable and forest topsoils

This study aimed to reveal differences in the relevance of particulate as well as water-soluble organic matter (OM) fractions from topsoils to the easily biodegradable soil organic matter (SOM). We selected eight paired sites with quite different soil types and soil properties. For each of these sites, we took samples from adjacent arable and forest topsoils. Physically uncomplexed, macro-, and micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle, as well as water-soluble OM fractions were sequentially separated by a combination of electrostatic attraction, ultrasonic treatment, density separation, sieving, and water extraction. The easily biodegradable SOM of the topsoil samples was determined by measuring microbial respiration during a short-term incubation experiment (OC_R). The organic carbon (OC) contents separated by i) the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM, ii) the macro-, and iii) the micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle as well as water-soluble OM fractions were significantly correlated with OC_R. The correlation coefficients vary between 0.54 and 0.65 suggesting differences in the relevance of these OM fractions to the easily biodegradable SOM. The strongest correlation to OC_R was detected for the OC content separated by the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM indicating the most distinct relation to the easily biodegradable SOM. This was found to be independent from land use or soil properties.     

基于ARM9内核的智能灌溉控制系统的设计

介绍了基于ARM920T内核的嵌入式控制系统的设计与实施,并将控制系统引入设施栽培自动灌溉控制中。实践证明,该系统的设计达到了预期的效果。     

千粒重对小麦品种产量的影响

为减少化肥的施用量,降低小麦生产成本,提出通过提高千粒重增加小麦产量。分析千粒重的形成特点、亲本的经济系数,在此基础上,提出增加千粒重的方法,以为小麦增产提供指导。     

Effects of Late Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Translocation and Protein Fractions of Wheat Genotypes Differing in Protein Content

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Effect of Water Stress at Various Growth Stages on Some Quality Characteristics of Winter Wheat

A field experiment was carried out in Erzurum (Turkey) on winter wheat to analyse the effect of water stress at different growth stages – fully irrigated (FI), rainfed (R), early water stress (EWS), late water stress (LWS) and continuous water stress (CWS), on some quality characteristics – in the 1995–96 and 1996–97 cropping seasons. Water stress had a substantial effect on most of the quality characteristics. As averages of cropping seasons, CWS, EWS, R and LWS treatments decreased grain yields by 65.5, 40.6, 30.5 and 24.0 %, respectively, compared with the FI treatment. CWS increased grain protein content by 18.1 %, sedimentation volume by 16.5 %, wet gluten content by 21.9 % and decreased 1000‐kernel weight by 7.5 g compared with FI treatment. LWS caused an increase of 8.3 % in grain protein content, 8.7 % in sedimentation volume, 10.8 % in wet gluten content and a reduction of 3.8 g in 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. EWS and R increased sedimentation volume and wet gluten content, but decreased 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. The effect of LWS on grain quality was more significant than that of EWS. The results suggest that soil moisture conditions increase grain yield and kernel weight of winter wheat but decrease its quality.