Comparative effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on some growth and plasma biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during cadmium exposure

Phytobiotics include a large number of active components which potentially have a growth‐promoting effects and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on growth and plasma biochemical parameters of common carp exposed to cadmium. Fish (34 ± 3 g) were divided into four groups and fed four distinct diets including commercial diet without any additive (for control and metal only group) and supplemented with either 1% ground Shirazi thyme or 100 mg kg^?1 vitamin E for 45 days. At the end of the feeding trial, all treatments except control group were exposed to sub‐lethal concentration of waterborne cadmium for 15 days and sampling was done on days 0, 7 and 15 after the metal exposure. According to the results, dietary inclusion of thyme prevented the harmful effects of cadmium and also improved fish growth and nutritional indices including weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor. Results also revealed that Shirazi thyme was more effective than vitamin E. Similarly, no changes in the hepatosomatic, viscerosomatic and bile somatic indices were observed. Plasma enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) and metabolites were not altered due to thyme supplementation compared to the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% ground Shiraz thyme improved the growth and health status of fish and showed better hepatorenoprotective properties than vitamin E during waterborne cadmium exposure in common carp juveniles. It might be conceivable to consider Shirazi thyme as a potential phytobiotic for incorporation in fish diet.     

发酵黄芪对山瑞鳖稚鳖生长性能的影响

采用单因素试验方法,研究发酵黄芪对山瑞鳖(Palea steindachneri)稚鳖生长的影响。选用960只稚鳖,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复80只。以基础饲料(幼鳖粉料)为对照组,试验组分别在基础饲料中添加0.2%、0.4%、0.6%发酵黄芪,饲养60 d。结果显示:1~#、2~#、3~#试验组稚鳖的增重率、成活率均显著高于0~#对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著低于0~#对照组(P<0.05);试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),以0.4%发酵黄芪组综合效果最好,与0~#对照组比,其均末重、成活率分别提高了31.86%、8.26%,饲料系数降低了14.58%。试验结果表明:发酵黄芪能显著促进稚鳖生长、提高成活率和饲料利用率的作用。     

Dietary available phosphorus requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CASIII)

A 57‐day growth experiment was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (13.48 ± 0.10 g) in a flow‐through system to study the effect of dietary phosphorus on growth performance, body composition, nutrition utilization, phosphorus loading and enzymes activities. Seven semipurifed diets were formulated to contain 0.07 (the basal), 2.27, 5.32, 8.10, 12.06, 15.24 and 19.48 g available phosphorus/kg diet. The results showed that specific growth rate, body length and feed efficiency significantly increased in the fish fed diets containing 0.07 to 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05). Ash and P content increased in fish fed diets containing 0.07–12.06 P g/kg (p < .05) and then levelled off, while moisture, crude protein and lipid had no significant difference (p > .05). The protein retention efficiency increased in the fish fed with diets 0.07–5.32 g/kg P (p < .05) and then reached a plateau. The P content in faeces was higher in fish fed diets containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg. Total P concentration in tank water increased in fish fed 0.07–12.06 g available P per kg diet (p < .05). The plasma P was higher in the fish fed with 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05), triglycerides was lower in the fish fed diet containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg (p < .05), no significant differences were observed in plasma Ca, plasma glucose and calcitonin (p > .05). Based on SGR, whole body P content and FE, dietary available P requirement for juvenile gibel carp were 13.37, 13.97 g/kg and 15.06 respectively.     

斑马鱼报警反应产生发育阶段的研究

鱼类在遭受捕食后,受损的表皮会释放大量的化学信号物质,同种其它个体嗅到这些化学信号后会作出躲避反应,称为报警反应(alarm response),报警反应通常出现在一定的发育阶段。采用斑马鱼(Dinio rerio)同种碾碎提取物(处理组,质量浓度为10-6g·L-1)作为报警物质,并设3个对照组:罗非鱼碾碎提取物组、双蒸水组、空白对照组,通过暴露处理实验,检测沉底累积时间(time of bottom)、呆滞累积时间(time of freezing)两项指标,研究了28 dpf(days post fertilization,受精后天数)、35 dpf、42 dpf 3个不同发育时期幼鱼的报警反应。结果显示:28 dpf时,处理组与3个对照组相比,在沉底累积时间、呆滞累积时间两项指标上均无显著差异,这个时期处理组有2 ind斑马鱼出现"沉底",其中1 ind出现"呆滞";35 dpf时,处理组与3个对照组相比,在沉底累积时间上有显著差异(P0.05),在呆滞累积时间上无显著差异,这个时期有5 ind斑马鱼出现"沉底",其中1 ind出现"呆滞";42 dpf时,处理组与对照组相比,在沉底累积时间、呆滞累积时间两项指标均有显著差异(P0.05),这个时期有8 ind斑马鱼出现"沉底",且8 ind全部出现"呆滞",与此对应的是这个时期大部分个体出现明显的报警反应。研究表明,斑马鱼报警反应产生的发育阶段为35~42 dfp之间,结合已知的野外斑马鱼生活史,推测斑马鱼在特定的阶段产生报警反应可能与栖息地的迁移有关。     

海蜇人工育苗关键技术

在200m^3水体培育出海蜇16触手螅状体600万个，关键技术在于育苗用水严格砂滤防止藻类和固着纤毛虫进入；育苗池中防止裸露的钢筋铁管严禁重金属离子污染；亲蜇成熟度好；采苗器严格消毒；4触手期保证适口饵料供应；防止高温季节螅状体与饵料一起死亡。另外，根据上年的经验，今年春这些螅状体要想生产出更多的幼蜇需掌握以下关键技术：培养大规格的螅状体；控光控温诱导横裂生殖集中释放碟状体；光线控制在500—1000lx；保持水质新鲜。     

An evaluation of potential diets for the culture of postpueruli spiny lobsters Panulirus argus (Palinuridae)

Provision of a suitable feed is paramount for the ongoing success of spiny lobster culture. This study compared and evaluated the performance of seven diets for first instar juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus [5–6 mm carapace length (CL)] based on growth rates, survival, and feed conversion ratio. Results demonstrated that a seafood-based juvenile formulation produced the fastest growth rate (3.49% weight gain day⁻¹ and 0.90% CL increase day⁻¹ over a 28-day period). These growth rates were also reflected by a low feed conversion rate (3.04) for this formulated feed. Similar results were also obtained for juveniles fed a frozen seafood diet, however, frozen brine shrimp, Artemia salina (both enriched and un-enriched), frozen enriched mysis shrimp, a dry pellet, and a meal-based juvenile formulation did not produce consistent growth rates. Survival rates ranged between 38% and 85% and demonstrate that juvenile lobsters have better likelihoods of survival in captive culture environments compared to the wild. Although further nutritional refinement is recommended, the results from this research have significant implication for the possible expansion of juvenile spiny lobster growout to a larger scale.     

Intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus,Astacidae) during the first 6 months: effects of size grading

Recent advances in crayfish feeding have enabled the development of size grading studies from the start of first‐feeding. A 180‐day experiment aimed at intensive rearing of Pacifastacus leniusculus was carried out under controlled conditions, evaluating the effects of size grading at two different periods from the onset of exogenous feeding. Stage 2 juveniles were stocked in fibreglass tanks at a density of 100 m², and fed a dry diet for salmonids combined with restricted amounts of Artemia cysts. Five groups were tested: no grading, grading at 60 days (large and small size) and grading at 100 days (large and small size). After 6 months, no significant differences were found in the survival among groups (mean: 73.06%). The highest final growth (pooled results from upper and lower classes: 17.39 mm carapace length, 1.43 g weight) was achieved by the crayfish sorted at 60 days, showing significant differences from the ungraded group. Smaller crayfish graded at 60 days grew significantly faster than smaller crayfish graded at 100 days. The food conversion ratio was lower in the graded groups (mean: 2.64), showing significant differences from the ungraded group (3.23). This study shows that size grading allows a better performance and an improved feeding efficiency.     

鞍带石斑鱼仔稚（幼）鱼的发育和生长研究

对鞍带石斑鱼的仔稚幼鱼形态发育的各个阶段进行了观察与研究,详细描述从初孵仔鱼到幼鱼各个发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据卵黄囊的变化,长鳍棘的长出与收缩,鳞片和体色斑纹的出现,鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育可以划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期又可分为卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。水温27～30℃,盐度27～31,pH值8.0～8.4的海水中培育,初孵仔鱼至孵化后2日龄为卵黄囊期仔鱼。2日龄仔鱼开口,3日龄至20日龄为后期仔鱼,22日龄至30日龄为稚鱼期,31日龄进入幼鱼期。鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长和收缩,也是生产育苗当中比较关键的仔稚幼鱼变态过程。     

大银鱼混合营养期的人工投饵实验

报道了大银鱼混合营养期投喂小球藻,金藻,裸藻以及微粒仿生饲料的实验结果,其效果依次为金藻〉微粒仿生饲料〉小球藻〉裸藻。并观察了混合营养期仔鱼的形态变化,为大水面移植和小水体养殖大银鱼提供了理论依据。     

刺参中间培育及生长特性的研究

研究报道了刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的中间培育技术及其生长特性。刺参在大棚水泥池内,采用地下海水源,全人工饵料,培育60天,参苗大小由1310头/kg长至322头/kg。重量由78kg增至305kg,成活率96.4%,饵料系数1.76。培育过程中2-3cm的幼参生长最快,长得很慢的“老头参”占4.3%。培育的基本环境条件:盐度24.795±0.015;温度14.6-15.2℃;溶氧(DO)多为6-9mg/L;pH值7.2-7.6;铵氮0.2mg/L以下。