乳状液膜在金属离子测定中的分离富集作用

简要介绍乳状液膜技术在金属离子分析测定中的分离富集作用以及新的研究和应用进展状况。     

New aspects of soybean somatic embryogenesis

Somatic embryo formation from immature cotyledons was improved in the following ways: by cutting into sections, supplementing culture media with spermine and using solid/liquid/solid type of culture. Cut cotyledons of the eight genotypes examined expressed a higher ability for somatic embryogenesis than whole cotyledons. Of the three polyamines tested, spermine considerably stimulated and putrescine slightly inhibited induction of somatic embryos. The ability of embryoid formation on medium with spermidine depended on the genotype. The solid/liquid/solid type of culture was better than the continuous solid culture. The best nitrogen ion content for the subculture of somatic embryos was 10 mM NH₄NO₃ and 30 mM KNO₃. The possibility of using these modifications in Agrobacterium transformation is discussed.     

离子辐射育种研究进展

本文重点介绍能量为(MeVu)级离子辐射的生物效应和离子辐射育种研究的国内外现状,以及作者在该领域中的初步研究结果,简述了低能离子束(几十keV)在辐射育种研究中遇到的一些问题。     

用稀悬液Wien效应测量法来研究重金属离子与水稻土的相互作用

Interactions of three heavy metal ions, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺, and, for comparison, Na⁺ with electrodialytic clay fractions (less than 2 μm in diameter) of four paddy soils as well as a yellow-brown soil as a control soil were evaluated based on measurements of the Wien effect in dilute suspensions with a clay concentration of 10 g kg^?1 in four nitrate solutions of 2 × 10^?4/z mol L^?1, where z is the cation valence, and a nitric acid solution of 3 × 10^?5 mol L^?1. Field strengths ranging from 15 to 230 kV cm^?1 were applied for measuring the electrical conductivities (ECs) of the suspensions. The mean free binding energies between the various cations and all of the soils determined from exchange equilibrium increased in the order: Na⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Pb²⁺. In general, the ECs of the suspensions in the sodium nitrate solution were smaller than those of the suspensions in the heavy metal solutions because of the lower electrophoretic mobility of sodium compared to the divalent cations. In terms of relative electrical conductivity-field strength relationships, relative electrical conductivity (REC) of suspensions containing various cations at field strengths larger than about 50 kV cm^?1 were in the descending order: Na⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺ for all tested soils. A characteristic parameter of the REC-field strength curves, ΔREC₂₀₀, REC at a field strength of 200 kV cm^?1 minus that at the local minimum of the concave segment of the REC-field strength curves, characterized the strength of adsorption of the cations stripped off by the applied strong electrical field, and for all soils the values of ΔREC₂₀₀ were generally in the order: Na⁺ < Cu²⁺ ≤ Cd²⁺ ≤ Pb²⁺.     

无机盐离子对早期牛胚胎在体外发育的影响

本研究系统的探索了培养液中的主要无机盐离子对早期牛胚胎在体外发育的影响。结果表明：培养液中的Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋比显著影响牛胚胎在体外的发育，提高Ｋ＋浓度有降低囊胚率的作用，最适的Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋比为１１４／３．２；Ｃａ２＋和Ｍｇ２＋同样为胚胎发育所必需，其最适浓度分别为２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；培养液中添加２．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｚｎ２＋，其囊胚发育率显著高于空白对照组；培养液中添加０．０２５ｍｇ／Ｌ或０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｃｕ２＋完全抑制囊胚发育。这表明Ｚｎ２＋对早期牛胚胎在体外发育有显著的促进作用，Ｃｕ２＋对早期牛胚胎在体外发育有强烈的抑制作用。     

蒸发条件下夹砂层土壤盐离子的迁移特性研究

针对新疆地区大面积盐碱地垦区土壤剖面多呈层状且砂质夹层较多的特点,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了蒸发条件下不同层位夹砂层土壤剖面盐离子的动态变化情况。结果表明,砂质夹层对离子运动有较大影响。与均质土相比,层位较低的砂层可以促进盐离子向土表迁移;层位较高的砂层能有效延缓盐离子向土表迁移的速度,并可降低土表盐离子的含量,使得更多的盐离子滞留于砂层以下土壤及土、砂界面处,尤其N a+更是如此;砂层层位越高,其对离子向上迁移的抑制作用越强。最后用回归分析法求得了砂层对C l-和N a+起抑制作用的相对临界层位。     

小美旱杨不同部位八大离子含量的动态规律

通过定量分析了河套灌区萌生苗造林小美旱杨不同部位八大离子含量，研究得出：叶中K^ 、Na^ 含量在5月份最高，以后各月家渐递减，Ca^ 从5月开始不断递增。一年生枝、多年生枝中的SO4^2-含量从5（4）月开始不断递增。心村、边材中Cl^-、HCO3^-、Ca^ 都是由高（4月）到低（6月）再到高的（10月）。根中Ca^2 、Mg^2 在各月份的含量较稳定，各部位各月份均无CO3^2-的存在。     

阳离子对戊唑醇在水溶液中光化学降解的影响

[目的]了解戊唑醇在环境中的转归以及阳离子对其光化学降解的影响。[方法]以高压汞灯为光源,选择NH4+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Mg2+4种离子为影响因子,研究了在高压汞灯下戊唑醇在含有4种阳离子的水溶液中的光化学降解情况。[结果]NH4+对戊唑醇的降解具有明显的光敏化作用,且随着NH4+浓度的增加光敏化效应逐渐增强,这有利于水体中残留的戊唑醇的降解。Mn2+、Cu2+Mg2+对戊唑醇也都具有光敏化作用,其光敏化效应的强弱为Mn2+>Mg2+>Cu2+。[结论]该研究可为改善农田环境提供科学的理论依据。     

离子与其周围定向水分子间的相互作用能

离子对其周围水分子的取向极化作用能，与离子的带电荷数成线性关系，而与离子半径和离子电荷的正负性无关，离子周围只能排引１层定向水分子。带电荷数为１的离子，与周围水分子的取向极化作用能是：１０１８．４２ＫＪ／ｍｏｌ。     

含氮纤维素的制备及其对铬离子和铜离子的去除试验

探讨了以稻壳为骨架材料制备含氮纤维的方法及其对重金属离子Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）和Ｃｕ￣（２＋）的去除条件、吸附容量及再生情况．结果表明：制备的这种含氮纤维素对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ），Ｃｕ￣（２＋）等高子有很好的吸附能力．当ｐＨ＝２．５时，对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的动态饱和吸附容量为３４．２１７ｍｇ／ｇ（干基）；ｐＨ＝６时，对Ｃｕ￣（２＋）的吸附容量为１０．６１１ｍｇ／ｇ（干基）．分别用１０％的氢氧化钠和５％的氨水溶液洗脱可以再生，它是一种较为新型、高效、价廉的重金属离子吸附剂．