稻田处理养殖场粪便的氮磷动态效应与污染风险研究

对盆栽水稻施以不同水平的猪粪和牛粪两种有机肥料.结合其本身对氮磷的吸收利用状况及养分在土壤和水体环境下的分解释放规律,研究了水稻对有机粪肥的消纳吸收能力.结果表明,水稻可以有效地处理猪粪和牛粪;综合生态效益与经济效益,在处理猪粪时,P5水平(猪粪处理量120000 kg·hm-2,折合纯氮量1 103.52 kg·hm-2)下的处理效果最好,处理牛粪时,C6水平(牛粪处理量300000 kg·hm-2,折合纯氮量3 224.5 kg·hm-2)下的处理效果最好,施肥量低于此的植株生长缓慢,高于此则植株的增产效应不明显,并且容易出现受害症状,而有机肥对环境的二次污染风险会加大.     

北京官厅水库有机氯农药分布特征及健康风险评价

为了研究北京官厅水库中有机氯农药(OCPs)对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从位于官厅水库、洋河和妫水河的9个采样点采集了水样和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定.结果表明.水样中,17种有机氯化合物的总浓度范围为10.06～87.37 ng·L-1,其中六六六(HCHs,即:α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH和δ-HCH)和滴滴涕(DDTs,即:o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDD)的含量范嗣分别为3.93～38.94 ng·L-1和3.71～16.03 ng·L-1,官厅水库及其支流水体受到有机氯农药轻度污染,其周边地区农田排放水是水库中农药的重要来源.沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范嗣为8.48～24.40 ng·g-1,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量高于其他OCPs的含量,其含量范围分别为1.11～7.73 ng·g-1和2.97～10.52 ng·g-1,沉积物中六六六异构体和滴滴涕类似物的含量组成表明这些农药来自环境中的早期残留.利用健康风险评价模型对官厅水库表层水体中的OCPs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,目前官厅水库中有机氯农药类污染物对人体健康的风险处于较低水平.     

直肠癌患者淋巴结转移相关临床病理因素分析

目的：探讨直肠癌淋巴结转移的相关影响因素,为临床治疗提供参考。方法：回顾性分析施行根治性手术治疗直肠癌患者386例的临床资料,采用卡方检验及Logistic多因素回归分析相关临床病理因素与淋巴结转移的关系。结果：直肠癌患者性别及肿瘤位置与淋巴结转移无关（P〉0．05）,而患者年龄（P〈0．05）、肿瘤大小、分化程度、组织类型、肿瘤浸润深度、术前CEA（P〈0．01）与淋巴结转移明显相关;Logistic多因素回归分析得出的与淋巴结转移的相关因素按密切程度依次递减为肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤分化程度。结论：影响直肠癌淋巴结转移的相关因素有年龄、肿瘤大小、分化程度、组织类型、肿瘤浸润深度、术前CEA,其中肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤分化程度为淋巴结转移的主要相关因素。     

小麦矮腥黑穗病研究进展与展望

介绍了小麦矮腥黑穗病的病原、分布与危害,综述了小麦矮腥黑穗病菌检疫鉴定、种子灭菌处理、有害风险分析、防治等方面的研究进展,并进行了展望。     

养殖业的投资风险与经营对策

针对目前中国养殖业投资过程中出现的问题,通过对养殖业投资风险类型分析,探讨了产生这些风险的原因,并根据投资中风险产生的原因,相应地提出了投资发展养殖业的经营对策。     

Field Validation of the Southern Rock Lobster Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Monitoring Program in Tasmania,Australia

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) are found in the hepatopancreas of Southern Rock Lobster Jasus edwardsii from the east coast of Tasmania in association with blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Tasmania’s rock lobster fishery is one of the state’s most important wild capture fisheries, supporting a significant commercial industry (AUD 97M) and recreational fishing sector. A comprehensive 8 years of field data collected across multiple sites has allowed continued improvements to the risk management program protecting public health and market access for the Tasmanian lobster fishery. High variability was seen in toxin levels between individuals, sites, months, and years. The highest risk sites were those on the central east coast, with July to January identified as the most at-risk months. Relatively high uptake rates were observed (exponential rate of 2% per day), similar to filter-feeding mussels, and meant that lobster accumulated toxins quickly. Similarly, lobsters were relatively fast detoxifiers, losing up to 3% PST per day, following bloom demise. Mussel sentinel lines were effective in indicating a risk of elevated PST in lobster hepatopancreas, with annual baseline monitoring costing approximately 0.06% of the industry value. In addition, it was determined that if the mean hepatopancreas PST levels in five individual lobsters from a site were <0.22 mg STX equiv. kg⁻¹, there is a 97.5% probability that any lobster from that site would be below the bivalve maximum level of 0.8 mg STX equiv. kg⁻¹. The combination of using a sentinel species to identify risk areas and sampling five individual lobsters at a particular site, provides a cost-effective strategy for managing PST risk in the Tasmanian commercial lobster fishery.     

8种检疫线虫传入黑龙江的风险评估

根据国际植物保护公约(International Plant Protection Convention,IPPC) 的国际植物检疫措施标准11(International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures 11, 2001, ISPM 11)并参考欧洲和地中海植物保护组织(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization,EPPO)有害生物风险分析风险评估指导标准(EPPO Standard PM 5 /3 Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis—Pest Risk Assessment Scheme),对马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、相似穿孔线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、水稻茎线虫、椰子红环腐线虫和松材线虫这8种检疫性线虫传入黑龙江省进行风险评估。风险评估表明,相似穿孔线虫传入黑龙江省具有高度风险,马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、和松材线虫传入黑龙江省具有较高风险,水稻茎线虫风险较低、椰子红环腐线虫无风险。应该加强对风险较高的几种线虫的风险管理。     

Acceptability of pesticide impacts on the environment: what do United Kingdom stakeholders and the public value?

EU Directive 91/414/EEC requires there to be no unacceptable effects on the environment from the use of pesticides. This paper reports the views of direct stakeholder groups and results from an opinion survey of more than 2000 members of the general public on what in practice should constitute acceptable and unacceptable effects of pesticides. Stakeholders in focus groups were concerned with the potential effects of pesticides on animal and plant population viability and micro-organism function but recognized that a trade-off exists between the potential economic advantages of responsible pesticide use and the potential disadvantages of individual poisoning events. The public opinion survey showed that although pesticides are widely used in homes and gardens, their use on farm crops remains of concern to the public. Concerns are greatest on issues of human health and food quality but potential environmental effects are also an issue for a substantial number of people, particularly if attractive species could be affected.     

Comparing ecological risks of pesticides: the utility of a Risk Quotient ranking approach across refinements of exposure

Environmental risk assessment of pesticides and other chemicals often uses the Risk Quotient (RQ) method to characterize risk quantitatively. An RQ is calculated by dividing an environmental exposure value by a toxicity end-point value. Tier 1 RQs, which are characterized by highly conservative toxicity and exposure assumptions, are used primarily for screening out negligible risks in regulatory decision making. It has been argued that the tier 1 RQ approach is valuable for making direct comparisons of quantitative risk between pesticides. However, an outstanding question is whether relative risks among pesticides would change if refinements of exposure are incorporated into the RQ calculations. This study tested that hypothesis. Aquatic ecological risk assessments were conducted for 12 herbicide and 12 insecticide active ingredients used on agricultural crops in the USA. The pesticides were chosen because surface-water monitoring data for them were available as part of the United States Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). Ecological receptors and effects evaluated were aquatic non-vascular plants (acute risk), aquatic vertebrates (acute risk) and aquatic invertebrates (acute risk) for the herbicides and aquatic vertebrates (acute and chronic risk) and aquatic invertebrates (acute and chronic risk) for the insecticides. The data indicate that there were significant statistical correlations between numerical rankings of tier 1 RQs and RQs using refined environmental exposures. The results support the hypothesis that numerical ranking of RQs for the purpose of comparing potential ecological risks is a valid approach because the rankings are significantly correlated regardless of the degree of exposure refinement.     

额济纳绿洲环境容量与生态风险评价

水资源是额济纳荒漠区绿洲发展的关键要素。本文对水资源作了系统分析 ,并对该区做了绿洲环境容量评价和生态风险评价。