联合收获机知识组织与知识库系统研究

针对联合收获机知识缺乏系统化组织与分类、难以在设计时高效获取并应用的问题,应用装备谱系及谱系拓扑图形式对联合收获机知识进行层次化组织;按照联合收获机智能化设计实际应用需求,对知识库系统功能模块进行架构分析;分析了农机装备设计知识的表现形式,综合利用产生式规则和框架表示的混合表示方法对设计过程进行分析和表达,建立了设计体系。以Visual Studio 2015平台为开发工具,在.Net环境下,应用ADO.Net技术、CATIA二次开发技术及SQL Server数据库,将联合收获机设计知识、参数化模型等数字化资源融和,进行组织管理,构建了联合收获机知识库系统。通过人机交互的方式,将知识表达形成的设计体系系统化,应用模糊查询方法、推理机和ADO.Net技术实现系统中知识的查询、推理及编辑功能,并将知识推送的结果传递给关联的参数化模型驱动,在不同需求下快速构建模型,实现了知识的高效获取与应用,提高了设计效率,为联合收获机零部件设计提供了一种通用方法。系统测试表明,该系统具有可行性和有效性,适用于联合收获机系列产品的开发。     

不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响,设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm,冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm）,4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2）,4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2,冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇,夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2,冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2,夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下,增加灌水量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%,土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%,净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下,增加施肥量,夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%,土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%,CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%,CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下,氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%,且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05）,水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入,在节水节肥原则下,夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

防治小麦纹枯病的杀菌剂筛选

测定表明，己唑醇、戊唑醇抑制小麦纹枯病菌菌丝生长的活性明显高于多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、萎锈灵、嘧菌酯、眯鲜胺、啶菌恶唑、井冈霉素、甲基立枯磷、五氯硝基苯、恶霉灵、福美双、百菌清、丙森锌、代森锰锌；5％己唑醇微乳剂、12．5％戊唑醇水乳剂及25％阿米西达悬浮剂对麦苗上纹枯病菌的毒力高于50％多菌灵可湿粉、70％甲基硫菌灵可湿粉、5％井冈霉素可溶粉、40％达科宁悬浮剂、25％敌力脱乳油、40％氟硅唑乳油、10％世高水分散颗粒剂、20％甲基立枯磷乳剂、40％卫福悬浮种衣剂和50％福美双可湿粉；福美双与己唑醇混配抑制小麦纹枯病菌增效，1：10为最佳配比，依此配成44％己唑醇·福美双可湿粉600—1200倍稀释液喷雾土壤及浸种未抑制小麦生长及推迟小麦出苗。     

重型立式车床转台流固耦合传热数值模拟与实验

采用流固耦合的数值方法研究了重型立式车床转台的耦合传热特性,使传热外边界条件变成内边界条件,更符合实际工况。给出了转速范围在5~50 r/min内的空气流场,以及工作台、底座和静压油膜的温度场分布。数值模拟结果表明转速提高使静压油膜温度升高,承载能力下降,加强了散热面对流,且高转速时底座的散热量被低估,但散热面温度没有显著升高,加重了工作台和底座热集中。同时,工作台数值模拟结果与红外线热像仪测量数据吻合较好,说明数值模拟结果符合物理原理,扩展了流固耦合传热的应用范围,使立式车床的散热情况分析结果更加可靠和精确。     

基于流固耦合的离心泵蜗壳振动特性优化

针对具有超厚叶片的离心泵叶轮与蜗壳匹配问题,采用双向耦合方法对3种蜗壳结构产生的振动位移和振动速度进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于叶轮与隔舌之间的流场动静干涉作用,蜗壳受到交替的激振力作用,在不同时刻振动位移和振动速度分布呈周期性变化;蜗壳基圆直径与叶轮直径的比值D3/D2对蜗壳振动有明显的影响,当D3/D2≤1.013时,超厚叶片出口压力诱导蜗壳振动强烈;当D3/D2逐渐增大时,蜗壳振动明显减弱。在设计工况下,方案A（D3/D2=1.013）振动位移最大值为4.288×10-6m,振动速度最大值为8.547×10-4m/s;方案C（D3/D2=1.19）振动位移最大值为2.923×10-6m,振动速度最大值为5.253×10-4m/s;优选方案B（D3/D2=1.13）的振动最小,其位移和速度最大值分别为2.56×10-6m和4.823×10-4m/s,仅约为方案A的60%。该结果也验证了径向力的作用规律与蜗壳振动特性的直接关联性。     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

偏型、粘型和易型小麦雄性不育系的初步研究

调查了10种不同山羊草(Aegilops)细胞质的异质小麦品种 Chris 与1B /1R 小黑麦易位系77(2)杂交 F_1及回交后代的育性表现,结果表明:1.在同核背景下,山羊草不同种的细胞质在对77(2)的育性反应上明显不同,依此差异进行特定的质核组配,能得到更宜于培育杂种小麦的新型不育系;2.不同的不育胞质在同核背景下虽都能产生雄性不育,但     

棉花质核不育材料晋A的发现与观察

发现并系统观察了棉花雄性不育材料晋Ａ。通过镜检、自交、测交、回交、开放授粉和网罩试验表明，此材料不育性完全而稳定，陆地棉品种可作其完全保持系，海岛棉品种可使其育性恢复，是我国新发现的又一质核不育材料。其不育胞质来自陆地棉，但与其它胞质系不同，这一发现为棉花三系配套、实现产量上的突破提供了新的胞质基因源。     

Barriers to hybridization of Solanum bulbocastanum Dun. and S. Verrucosum Schlechtd. and structural hybridity in their F1 plants

Summary Results of reciprocal crosses between Solanum verrucosum (2n=2x=24) and S. bulbocastanum (2n=2x=24) are described in terms of pollen tube behaviour in styles, of berry and seed set, of fertility and of meiotic behaviour of the F₁ hybrids. Pollen tube growth of S. verrucosum is strongly inhibited in styles of S. bulbocastanum, whereas no inhibition is observed in the reciprocal cross. Therefore S. bulbocastanum x S. verrucosum fails to set berries or seeds, whereas the reciprocal cross produces both berries (54.4% berry set) and seeds (0.3 per berry). Only 14.6% of the seeds germinate. Both the diploid and corresponding tetraploid hybrid plants are vigorous, flower abundantly, have a rather regular meiosis (mainly rod bivalents), but show a high degree of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility. Crossability of the diploid hybrid plants is nil when used as pollen parents and near to zero when used as pistillate parents. The barriers to hybridization of the parent species (unilateral inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the parental chromosomes) are discussed and methods are suggested to overcome these barriers.     

广谱植物内生真菌枫香拟茎点霉生态功能的研究进展

旨在证明枫香拟茎点霉(Phomopsis liquidambari)有潜力成为广谱内生菌的模式菌株之一,有利于促进内生真菌与宿主植物之间的研究更加系统化、完整化。本研究综述了一株广谱植物内生真菌P.liquidambari在改善土壤化学特性,修复受污染的土壤,优化农业生态,提高农作物产量方面的作用。并从真菌定殖情况、植物生理响应和土壤环境优化三个方面,将该菌株与当前研究较多的印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)进行比较,并展望了P.liquidambari的研究前景。