Genotype x environment interaction in the uptake of Cs and Sr from soils by plants

The soil‐plant transfer factors for Cs and Sr were analyzed in relationship to soil properties, crops, and varieties of crops. Two crops and two varieties of each crop: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Salad Bowl Green and cv. Lobjoits Green Cos, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cv. French Breakfast 3 and cv. Scarlet Globe, were grown on five different soils amended with Cs and Sr to give concentrations of 1 mg kg^–1 and 50 mg kg^–1 of each element. Soil‐plant transfer coefficients ranged between 0.12–19.10 (Cs) and 1.48–146.10 (Sr) for lettuce and 0.09–13.24 (Cs) and 2.99–93.00 (Sr) for radish. Uptake of Cs and Sr by plants depended on both plant and soil properties. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between soil‐plant transfer factors for each plant type at the two soil concentrations. At each soil concentration about 60 % of the variance in the uptake of the Cs and Sr was due to soil properties. For a given concentration of Cs or Sr in soil, the most important factor effecting soil‐plant transfer of these elements was the soil properties rather than the crops or varieties of crops. Therefore, for the varieties considered here, soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr would be best regulated through the management of soil properties. At each concentration of Cs and Sr, the main soil properties effecting the uptake of Cs and Sr by lettuce and radish were the concentrations of K and Ca, pH and CEC. Together with the concentrations of contaminants in soils, they explained about 80 % of total data variance, and were the best predictors for soil‐plant transfer. The different varieties of lettuce and radish gave different responses in soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in different soil conditions, i.e. genotype x environment interaction caused about 30 % of the variability in the uptake of Cs and Sr by plants. This means that a plant variety with a low soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in one soil could have an increased soil‐plant transfer factor in other soils. The broad implications of this work are that in contaminated agricultural lands still used for plant growing, contaminant‐excluding crop varieties may not be a reliable method for decreasing contaminant transfer to foodstuffs. Modification of soil properties would be a more reliable technique. This is particularly relevant to agricultural soils in the former USSR still affected by fallout from the Chernobyl disaster.     

水盐交互作用对河套灌区土壤光谱特征的影响

为探究土壤水盐交互作用对Sentinel-2卫星光谱特征的影响,该研究以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区域,分别在2018年和2019年的4—5月共采集280个裸土期表层土壤样本,测定其土壤含水率和含盐量,并获取同步的Sentinel-2卫星遥感数据,构建基于土壤水盐-反射率原理的土壤光谱特征理论模型,在此基础上结合土壤水盐交互作用构建水盐交互模型,并比较2种模型对土壤光谱的模拟效果,分析土壤水盐交互作用对土壤光谱估算的影响。结果表明:1)土壤水盐交互作用对光谱的影响因波段类型和水盐含量的不同而有所不同。在可见光范围上影响相对较弱,其作用范围为-0.11～0.29;在近红外和短波红外范围上影响相对较强,其作用范围为-0.35～0.61;当水分或盐分中某个含量较高时对光谱影响较弱,在水盐含量程度相似时影响较强。2)与土壤光谱特征理论模型相比,水盐交互模型能明显地改善土壤光谱的模拟效果,能将模拟相关系数由0.14～0.44提升到0.29～0.59,均方根误差由0.032～0.082降低到0.029～0.068。该研究结果揭示了盐分和水分对光谱特征的干扰过程,为土壤盐分的估算提供策略与方法,...     

Physiological mechanisms for antagonistic interaction of manganese and aluminum in barley

In a previous study, we found that the combined addition of Al and Mn in the culture solution could alleviate the inhibition of barley growth by addition of Al or Mn alone. The current experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to investigate the physiological mechanisms of the antagonistic interaction using two barley genotypes, XZ16 (both Al and Mn tolerant) and ZU9 (both Al and Mn sensitive). The treatments consisted of three Al levels (0, 0.1, and 0.5?mM) and three Mn levels (0, 0.2, and 1.0?mM) and their combinations, and a completely randomized block design was used with three replications. The combined treatments had larger plant biomass, lower Al and Mn concentrations and accumulation in plant tissues, lower malondialdehyde content, and higher root ATPases activities, compared with Al or Mn alone treatment. The two genotypes had the similar trend in the antagonistic interaction, with ZU9 being more predominant than XZ16.     

Under drought conditions NaCl improves the nutritional status of the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum but not of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a salt‐accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies demonstrated that Z. xanthoxylum absorbs a great quantity of Na⁺ as an osmoregulatory substance under arid conditions. To investigate the nutritional status of Z. xanthoxylum in comparison with a typical glycophyte, Arabidopsis thaliana, seedlings were exposed to NaCl (50 mM for Z. xanthoxylum and 5 mM for A. thaliana), osmotic stress (–0.5 MPa), and osmotic stress combined with the NaCl treatment. Compared to the control, NaCl treatment or osmotic stress significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, but not of A. thaliana. Under osmotic stress, the addition of NaCl significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, resulting in improved biomass and tissue water content. However, such changes were not observed in A. thaliana. Compared to the control, K⁺ concentrations in leaves and roots remained unchanged in Z. xanthoxylum when exposed to osmotic stress, with or without additional 50 mM NaCl. In contrast, significant reductions in shoot K⁺ concentrations of A. thaliana were observed under osmotic stress alone or when combined with 5 mM NaCl. Moreover, NaCl alone or when combined with osmotic stress enhanced the accumulation of N, P, Fe, Si, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in Z. xanthoxylum, but did not cause such nutritional changes in A. thaliana. Compared to the glycophyte A. thaliana, Z. xanthoxylum could accumulate Na⁺ and maintain the stability of nutritional status at a relatively constant level to cope with drought stress.     

Early interspecific dynamics,dry matter production and nitrogen use in Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixed intercropping

ABSTRACT

The global interest in growing perennial grain crops such as intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) (Kernza) for production of food and feed is increasing. Intercropping Kernza with legumes may be a sustainable way of supplying nitrogen to soil and associated intercrop. We determined the competitive interactions between intercropped Kernza (K) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (A) under three inorganic nitrogen (N) rates N0, N1, N2 (0, 200, 400 kg ha^?1) and five species relative frequencies (SRF) (100%K:0%A, 75%K:25%A, 50%K:50%A, 25%K:75%A and 0% K:100%A) in mixed intercrops (MI) in a greenhouse pot experiment. After 11 weeks of growth. Kernza dry matter yield (DM) and N accumulated (NACC) were low, but alfalfa DM and NACC high at 0 kg N ha^?1. 200 and 400 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application increased the competitive ability (CA) of Kernza and reduced the CA of alfalfa. SRF had large impacts on alfalfa DM, NACC and NFIX only at 0 kg N ha^?1 fertiliser, and insignificant impacts on Kernza at all N fertiliser levels, indicating that adjustment of SRF may not be an effective way to modulate the interspecific competition of Kernza. Further research on the other factors that influence the interspecific competition are warranted.     

基于酵母双杂交技术的绒山羊波形蛋白互作蛋白鉴定

为进一步探索波形蛋白(vimentin)调控绒山羊绒毛生长的作用机制,以内蒙古遗传种子资源阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤中的毛囊组织为材料,利用PCR技术和酵母双杂交技术对根据GenBank中山羊的vimentin蛋白序列,运用蛋白质互作在线软件预测和液相色谱质谱联用采集免疫共沉淀数据筛选出肌动蛋白(ACTB)和vimentin进行基因引物设计、克隆、酵母表达载体构建和蛋白互作鉴定。结果显示:成功克隆出绒山羊vimentin基因CDS区序列的长度为1 401 bp, ACTB基因CDS区序列的长度为1 128 bp;构建了酵母表达载体;试验组共转化pGBKT7-vimentin与pGADT7-ACTB的Y2HGold菌株在二缺板SD/-Trp/-Leu/X-α-GaL/AbA培养基和四缺板SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade/X-α-GaL/AbA培养基上,均能生长出淡蓝色菌落,而在对照组共转化pGBKT7空质粒与pGADT7-ACTB重组质粒的二缺板SD/-Trp/-Leu/X-α-GaL/AbA培养基上长出白色菌落,表明共转化的pGBKT7-vimentin与pGADT-ACTB重组质粒的下游报告基因Lac被激活,共转化pGBKT7空质粒与pGADT7-ACTB重组质粒的下游报告基因Lac未被激活。提示:vimentin与ACTB两种蛋白间存在相互作用。     

水肥交互作用对问作玉米、大豆产量的影响研究

应用三因素五水平二次通用旋转组合方法 ,试验研究不同水肥用量对大田间作玉米、大豆产量的影响结果表明 ,三因素对玉米产量的影响依次为水 >N >P ,对大豆产量的影响依次为水 >P >N ;水、肥互作效应中水的效应大于肥 ,且肥效随灌水量的增加而提高     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

紫色土丘陵林农间种模式种间适应及作物种类选择试验

1997~1998年在试验区进行了林农间适应及作物种类选择试验,结果如下;适度的林木郁闭对作物生长有利,郁闭度为0.35时,其生物产量和经济产量均优于0.125;郁闭度为0.67以上,不宜进行间种。适宜于试区土地条件的冬春作物有满园花、油菜;夏季作物有西瓜、甘薯、凉茹、辣椒、大豆、花生、豌豆等,但从防侵蚀角度考虑,甘薯、凉茹等收获地下块根的作物不宜选用。     

塿土不同粒级组分K+吸附研究

土各粒级K+吸附特征有很大区别.在一定平衡液浓度下,颗粒越细,土壤固相吸附量越大,不同粒级固相吸附量大小顺序是(＜0.1m)＞(＜1m)＞(1～2m)＞(2～5m),不同粒级土壤有效阳离子交换量也具有相同的变化规律.混合样中不同粒级组分对吸附的贡献可用吸附贡献率表示,土各粒级饱和吸附贡献率大小顺序为(＜1m)＞(1～2m)＞(＞5m)＞(2～5m),其中粘粒部分的饱和吸附贡献率为85%左右.在供试混合土样中＜1m粒级吸附贡献率随平衡液浓度增大呈幂函数形式增大,相反,1～2m、2～5m粒级吸附贡献率随平衡液浓度增大则呈幂函数形式减小.实验证明混合样中不同粒级K+吸附存在交互作用,吸附交互作用大小可用吸附交互作用系数表征,＜1m和1～2m之间存在吸附负交互作用,且随平衡液浓度增大而增强.＜1m和2～5m之间存在吸附正交互作用,且随平衡液浓度增大而减弱.论述了建立土壤多粒级组分吸附方程的必要性,提出了多粒级组分吸附方程q＝ρ(c)rifi(c)