Fe2+、Cd2+互作对小麦幼苗生长发育的影响

为研究小麦生长发育过程中Fe2+、Cd2+的交互作用机制,以周麦18为材料,利用营养液培养,采用不同的Fe2+浓度(2.5、25、250 μmol/L)和Cd2+浓度(0、5、50、200 μmol/L)处理,观测小麦幼苗期的生长特性.结果表明,不添加Cd2+的处理,Fe2+浓度不同对小麦苗期根系及地上部生长的影响不同.低Fe2+时根系干物质积累随着处理时间增加而不断增加,浓度升高后根系干物质先增加后降低,根长随着Fe2上浓度升高而有所降低,少量Cd2+在一定程度上抵消了高Fe2+对小麦根系生长的抑制作用.叶绿素含量变化与根长变化表现基本一致.不同Fe2+浓度对小麦地上部干物质积累的影响与根长和叶绿素变化相反.Fe2+浓度较低时,小麦地上部干物质积累对Cd2+较为敏感,且Cd2+的存在抑制了小麦地上部的生长,降低了干物质的积累;Fe2+浓度增大,少量Cd2+的存在更有利于地上部的生长,但Cd2+浓度较高时又会抑制小麦地上部的生长.     

Breeding for improved appearance of large rainbow trout in two production environments

A quantitative genetic analysis was performed to study potential to breed for improved body shape, skin colour and skin spottiness of large rainbow trout in sea and fresh water production environments, and in different stages of growth. The results showed that heritabilities in both production environments were moderate for body shape and skin colour and very high for skin spots. For body shape and skin spots, genetic correlation between the two production environments was high (r_A≥0.90), revealing weak genotype‐by‐environment interactions across the environments. For skin colour, genetic correlation between the environments was positive (0.78) but lower than for body shape and skin spots, indicating moderate genotype‐by‐environment interactions. Genetic correlations between 2‐ and 3‐year‐old fish were high for body shape and skin spots (r_A≥0.93) and moderate for skin colour (0.85), showing that differences among families persisted strongly during growth. The positive correlations between the environments and between the ages imply that selection in fresh water environment at a single point of time should lead to favourable correlated genetic responses in the sea and at the other stages of growth.     

Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog–owner relationship

Instrumental learning plays an important role in dog–human interactions. The recent demand for pet dog training has resulted in the development of various training methods. The present exploratory study aims to compare the effects of 2 training methods on both the behavioral welfare of the dog and the dog–owner relationship: the first method is based on positive reinforcement (appearance of an appetitive stimulus), whereas the second method is based on negative reinforcement (disappearance of an aversive stimulus). The study compared behaviors linked to signs of stress and attentive behaviors toward the owner in 2 dog training schools, which used different methods. Walking on-leash activity and obeying the “sit” command were studied. The results show that dogs from the school using a negative reinforcement–based method demonstrated lowered body postures and signals of stress, whereas dogs from the school using a positive reinforcement–based method showed increased attentiveness toward their owner. However, neither method affected avoidance behaviors. This exploratory study reveals the differential effects of the 2 training methods on dogs' behaviors; it suggests that training methods based on positive reinforcement are less stressful and potentially better for their welfare.     

牙鲆"鲆优2号"不同养殖地点生长和存活性状的基因型与环境互作分析

为比较牙鲆"鲆优2号"在不同养殖地区的生长和存活性能,实验利用连续多代对生长性状和抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病性状遗传参数评估和基因组选择的结果筛选出的亲本,建立28个"鲆优2号"家系,在河北(Site 1)和山东(Site 2)进行对比养殖试验,利用混合线性动物模型对生长和存活性状进行了基因型与环境互作分析。Site 1和Site 2的平均日增重分别为1.5和1.2 g/d,养殖成活率分别为81.4%和82.2%,"鲆优2号"在两个养殖地点的生长和抗病性能均表现优异。不同养殖环境间收获体质量和存活性状的遗传相关分别为0.57(<0.7)和0.82(>0.7),说明不同养殖环境间收获体质量存在显著的基因型与环境互作效应,但是不同养殖环境间存活性状的基因型与环境互作效应不显著。研究表明,牙鲆"鲆优2号"新品种在不同养殖地点的生长和存活性能均表现良好,为保证良好的推广效果,需要对牙鲆的制种方案进一步优化,针对不同的养殖地区进行"鲆优2号"苗种生产,或培育具有普适性的"鲆优2号"苗种,保证在不同养殖环境下的快速生长和高存活率优势。     

稻瘟病菌MoYpt5蛋白互作网络预测

稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)共有11个假定的Rab蛋白家族成员,本文选取了MoYpt51(MGG_06241)和MoYpt52(MGG_01185)进行了生物信息学分析。通过搜索多个大型蛋白互作数据库和文献,共得到数百个与核心蛋白互作的蛋白和互作对。利用信息处理技术和高效制图平台将这些蛋白互作对构建成互作网络,得到若干个具有生物学意义的模块。结果表明,筛选得到的互作蛋白中,有的参与了蛋白降解的泛素途径(MGG_04053等)、囊泡介导的蛋白胞内运输(MGG_01238等),有的在蛋白、染色体的组装和修饰等过程(MGG_03677等)起重要作用。大部分假定互作蛋白定位于细胞质和质膜上,为其与目标蛋白互作提供了空间可能性。     

Effects of N and K fertilizers on durum wheat quality in different environments

Eight genotypes from two different genetic pools (high yielding varieties and landraces) were assessed for grain yield (GY) and for five quality traits: protein content (P), thousand kernel weight (TKW), yellow berry (YB), gluten content (G_c) and gluten index (G_i) in sub-humid and semi-arid areas using four combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers during two cropping seasons. Genotype × Environment × Fertilizers (G × E × F) was significant only for protein content (p < 0.05); and E × F was found significant (p < 0.05) for all parameters. Greater quality related traits expression was noted in the semi-arid areas for both genetic pools. Excessive rainfall in semi-arid areas resulted in gluten elasticity reduction. N-fertilizers seemed to enhance protein content and to reduce thousand kernel weight. K-fertilizer, might enhance the increase in both proteins and thousand kernel weight in favorable growing conditions of water availability. Semolina yielding ability was higher in landraces as compared to high yielding varieties particularly using recommended fertilizer management. This group of cultivars showed superiority over high yielding cultivars for quantitative quality parameters.     

Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) Ether,a Marine Algae Derived Bromophenol,Inhibits the Growth of Botrytis cinerea and Interacts with DNA Molecules

Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (BDDE) is a bromophenol isolated from marine algae. Previous reports have shown that BDDE possesses cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that BDDE displays broad-spectrum antifungal activities, especially on Botrytis cinerea. BDDE inhibits the growth of B. cinerea cultured on a solid medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA) as well as on the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. Moreover, BDDE decreases the incidence of fruit decay and severity of strawberries infected with B. cinerea. Further studies have revealed that BDDE decreases the germination rate and inhibits the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The inhibition mechanisms are related to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity in B. cinerea spores and newly formed germ tubes. This study also suggests that BDDE possibly interacts with DNA via intercalation and minor groove binding. The studies provide evidence that BDDE has potential application in the control of gray mold after fruit harvest and the compound could serve as a candidate or lead template for rational drug design and for the development of antifungal agents.     

二苯-α-吡喃酮类链格孢霉毒素和人血清白蛋白的相互作用及机理探究

为探究链格孢酚单甲醚(AME)和链格孢酚(AOH)这两种二苯-α-吡喃酮类链格孢霉毒素与人血清白蛋白(HSA)之间的分子相互作用及机理,本研究模拟血液生理pH值,采用稳态荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱、3D荧光光谱以及圆二色光谱等方法研究两者之间的相互作用。结果表明,AME和AOH与HSA相互作用均发生了静态猝灭,具有较高亲和力,以氢键和范德华力(ΔH<0,ΔS<0)结合形成1:1复合物,互作过程中这两种类毒素破坏了人血清白蛋白中稳定二级结构的氢键网络,使蛋白二级结构展开,且AME和AOH使人血清白蛋白中的α-螺旋结构含量从48.93%分别减少至39.41%和44.01%,并使色氨酸残基极性降低、疏水性增加,但酪氨酸残基极性变化不大,即结合位点可能位于色氨酸残基所在的空腔(即结合位点I);AME对HSA的猝灭程度、猝灭常数(K_sv)及结合常数(K_a)均大于AOH,结合距离也更小(r_AME=2.56 nmAOH=2.60 nm)。本研究结果为进一步探究二苯-α-吡喃酮类链格孢霉毒素的毒代动力学和药代动力学,完善丰富其毒理学相关资料,以及进行风险评估和在食品中限量标准的制定提供了参考依据。     

施氮量与密度对西南地区主栽青贮玉米品种产量和品质的影响

以试验前期筛选适合西南地区高产优质青贮玉米品种为研究对象,采用再裂区试验设计,分别在两年三地进行试验,探究氮肥、密度、环境及其互作对青贮干物质产量、品质的影响。2018年结果表明,减氮施肥能替代传统施肥,干物质产量随施氮量的减少先增加后降低,随密度的增加逐渐升高。2019年在雅安和合川试点,减氮10%和 30%与常规施氮(纯氮 300 kg/hm²)相比,各品种干物质产量随密度增加先升高后降低,在密度 82 500株/hm²时产量最高;在怀化试点,减氮 10%处理下的干物质产量显著高于常规施氮和减氮 30%处理,干物质产量随密度增加而增加。氮密互作对青贮玉米品质影响不明显。综合分析两年干物质产量及品质,在种植密度 71 250～82500株/hm²搭配减氮 10%～30%时,青贮玉米产量达到最高且品质没有降低或降低不显著。