栗茶间作模式下茶树根系的基础特性

对安徽枞阳县周潭镇大山村中国森林生态网络大山试验示范区的栗茶间作茶园和单作茶园茶树根系的特征进行了试验研究。结果表明:栗茶间作促进了茶树根系的生长。间作茶园茶树根系的干重、吸收根比例、比根长和根系生理活性明显大于单作茶树根系;间作茶园茶树根系在土壤中的分布比单作茶树根系更深、更均匀;间作茶园内茶树和栗树根系在土壤空间中各自具有相对不同的生态位。栗茶间作具有较好的生态学基础,是一种可持续发展的茶园经营模式。     

环塔里木盆地果棉间作棉花品种遗传多样性分析

【目的】研究环塔里木盆地果、棉间作棉花品种的遗传多样性,为该地区间作棉花品种的培育和选配提供理论依据。【方法】应用RAPD标记技术,对环塔里木盆地23个果、棉间作棉花品种的遗传多样性及其相似性进行分析,并对其分子聚类结果进行探讨。【结果】经筛选发现,在70个随机引物中,有27个引物能在23个间作棉花品种间扩增出较好的多态性片段,共扩增出136条多态性条带,占总条带数的67.3%。环塔里木盆地23个间作棉花品种之间的平均成对相似系数为0.665,成对相似系数大于0.7的品种对有66个,占总数的26.09%,而成对相似系数小于0.5的品种对仅占总数的6.72%。23个棉花品种可聚为2个大类5个亚类。【结论】环塔里木盆地果、棉间作棉花品种遗传相似性较高,遗传基础比较狭窄。     

辽西半干旱区玉米与花生间作对土地生产力和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】通过对不同行比玉米与花生间作模式中作物产量、土地生产能力及水分利用效率的比较分析,探讨间作模式提高土地生产能力和水分利用效率的机理,提出适合于辽西旱作农业区的玉米与花生间作模式。【方法】试验于2015—2016年在农业部阜新农业环境与保育科学观测试验站进行,设置2行玉米4行花生间作(2M:4P)、4行玉米4行花生间作(4M:4P)和玉米单作(S-M)、花生单作(S-P)4种种植模式,通过研究间作复合系统产量、土地当量比、土壤水分分布和水分当量比等指标来分析玉米花生间作对土地生产力和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】受玉米行比设置和资源竞争影响,玉米与花生间作中玉米和花生的产量较相对应单作产量有不同程度降低;在系统整体收益衡量下,2M:4P和4M:4P间作模式的土地当量比(LER)为1.10—1.24、1.12—1.16,表明间作具有优化利用土地的功能,同时,间作系统中花生的偏土地当量比(LER_P)达到0.41—0.57,显示出豆科作物花生弱化了与禾本科作物玉米搭配间作的劣势;间作复合系统土壤含水量呈单作花生间作花生间作玉米单作玉米的分布特征,表明间作玉米可能会吸收花生条带的土壤水分,降低高耗水作物玉米对自身条带土壤水分的过度消耗来改善间作玉米土壤水分利用环境;2M:4P间作模式的水分当量比(WER)为1.12—1.23,4M:4P间作模式的WER为1.16—1.17,两间作模式的WER均大于1,显著提高了农田水分利用效率。【结论】玉米与花生间作能够改善辽西旱作农业区作物土壤水分利用环境,提高农田土地和水分生产力。2M:4P间作模式在降雨较少年份(2015年)具有一定的土地生产力和水分利用效率优势,而4M:4P间作模式在辽西降雨较多年份(2016年)具有一定的土地生产力和水分利用效率优势,并且4M:4P间作模式在2015—2016年不同降雨变化干扰下的年际差异较小,具有稳产增产的抗气候变化干扰能力。综合分析认为,4M:4P间作模式更适合于辽西旱作农业区。     

核麦间作模式下密度对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

目的 研究核麦间作模式下密度对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。方法 以新冬40号为材料,于2016~2017年在核麦间作田,设置5个密度分别为450×10 ³株/hm ²(M₁),525×10 ³株/hm ²(M₂),600×10 ³株/hm ²(M₃),675×10 ³株/hm ²(M₄),750×10 ³株/hm ²(M₅),研究核桃不同冠区冬小麦旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)及产量和产量构成因素对密度的响应。 结果 随着密度的增大,冠下区冬小麦旗叶的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和产量均表现出不同程度的降低;远冠区,小麦旗叶的P_n、T_r、G_s和产量均表现出“先升高后降低”的变化规律,各指标基本在M₂处理达到最大,且冠下区各密度处理冬小麦旗叶P_n、T_r和G_s均低于相应远冠区。籽粒产量,冠下区M₁(450×10 ³株/hm ²)处理最高为3 212.19 kg/hm ²,远冠区M₂(525×10 ³株/hm ²)处理最高为3 911.12 kg/hm ²。 结论 在核麦间作模式下,冠下区冬小麦应采取稀播,密度应控制在450×10 ³株/hm ²以内,远冠区冬小麦适宜密度为525×10 ³株/hm ²。     

玉米马铃薯间作群体的蒸腾量和蒸腾效率研究

以玉米(Zea mays L.)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)间作为研究对象,结合大田和盆栽试验,通过观测土壤蒸发、土壤含水量和作物蒸腾量,分析作物的水分竞争能力和间作的产量优势,研究间作对作物水分利用的影响特征与机理。大田试验结果表明:1玉米与马铃薯在同一时期的蒸腾量差异导致了两作物种植区域之间的土壤含水量差异;2间作的蒸腾量4 424.07 t·hm-2显著大于单作玉米和单作马铃薯蒸腾量的加权平均值3612.27 t·hm-2(P0.01);3间作的土地当量比LER(land equivalent ratio)1(P0.01),说明间作表现了增产优势。盆栽试验结果表明:1玉米和马铃薯在同一时期的蒸腾量存在差异,这意味着两作物种植区域的土壤含水量也存在差异(盆栽试验已基本消除土壤蒸发,土壤含水量主要受作物蒸腾影响);2间作的蒸腾量51.79 kg·盆-1显著大于单作玉米和单作马铃薯蒸腾量的加权平均值48.36 kg·盆-1(P=0.011);3作物的种间相对竞争力RC(Relative competitive abilty)1(P0.001),说明玉米在种间水分竞争中占据优势地位;4玉米的蒸腾效率5.38 g·kg-1显著大于马铃薯的3.68 g·kg-1(P0.001);5间作的蒸腾效率4.82 g·kg-1显著大于单作玉米和单作马铃薯蒸腾效率的加权平均值4.53 g·kg-1(P0.001);6间作的土地当量比LER1(P=0.001),说明间作表现了增产优势。以上结果说明:玉米和马铃薯在同一时期的蒸腾量差异可以导致它们种植区域之间的土壤含水量差异,进而使得在间作中,一种作物可以利用另一种作物种植区域的较多土壤水分,所以间作可以提高作物群体蒸腾量;玉米既具有较高的蒸腾效率,又在种间水分竞争中占据优势地位,因此玉米马铃薯间作可以提高作物群体蒸腾效率;蒸腾量和蒸腾效率的协同提高是该间作表现增产优势的重要原因。     

赤红壤坡地幼龄果园间作对土壤氮组分的影响

【目的】探讨赤红壤坡地幼龄果园不同间作模式对土壤氮组分的影响,筛选出提高果园土壤氮素有效性的优化间作模式。【方法】通过2季(2015年秋季和2016年春季)野外定位试验,以龙眼Dimocarpus longan(Dl)单作为对照(CK),研究幼龄龙眼园3种间作模式[龙眼/花生Arachis hypogaea(Dl/Ah)、龙眼/柱花草Stylosanthes guianensis(Dl/Sg)和龙眼/黑麦草Lolium perenne(Dl/Lp)]对土壤全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、溶解性有机氮(DON)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)等氮组分含量的影响。【结果】2季花生成熟期,间作处理土壤MBN含量显著高于CK,Dl/Ah和Dl/Sg处理土壤TN含量显著高于CK;2季花生花针期,Dl/Ah处理土壤DON和AN含量均显著高于CK;2016年春季花生花针期,Dl/Ah和Dl/Sg处理土壤NO_3~--N含量分别比CK显著提高了64.4%和34.2%。土壤TN、DON、NO_3~--N含量与植株C含量、C/N呈显著负相关关系,与植株N含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】幼龄果园间作花生和柱花草可以显著提高土壤各氮组分含量,间作花生的效果更佳。     

枣棉间作下氮素对棉花不同部位叶片生理特性的影响

以南疆主栽品种中棉所49为材料,通过4个氮肥水平:纯氮0 kg· hm-2(N0)、207 kg· hm-2 (N30)、310 kg·hm-2(N45)、414 kg·hm-2(N60),研究棉花主茎功能叶和第五果枝铃对位叶生理特性的变化.研究结果表明:(1)氮素缺乏会引起整体叶片的叶面积指数、SPAD值、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量的下降,在主茎功能叶上表现尤为突出;(2)氮素过多会导致盛铃后期叶片硝酸还原酶活性下降较快,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖积累过多,不利于向棉铃转化;(3)枣棉间作近冠区棉花在N30处理、远冠区以N45处理中有较高单株结铃数和单铃重,从而提高产量,说明遮阴降低了棉花对氮肥的需求量.光照和氮素在植物生长中维持平衡、协调供应水平,利于发挥两者对作物生长最佳的互作效应.因此将氮肥施用量控制在207～ 310 kg·hm-2范围内,能提高棉花碳氮代谢水平,延缓叶片衰老.     

Effect of Soil and Nutrient-Management Treatments on Soil Quality Indices under Cotton-Based Production System in Rainfed Semi-arid Tropical Vertisol

Rainfed semi-arid tropical Vertisols of the Indian subcontinent encounter many problems on account of the physical, chemical, and biological soil qualities and consequently have poor crop yields. To ensure sustainable crop production, there is a need to improve and periodically assess the quality of these soils by adopting suitable soil and nutrient-management practices on a long-term basis. Hence, soil quality assessment studies were conducted at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India, by adopting an ongoing long-term experiment from Akola Centre (Maharashtra) of All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) for the rainfed Vertisol. This long-term experiment was initiated in 1987 with six soil and nutrient management treatments: T1, control; T2, 50 kg nitrogen (N) + 25 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) ha^?1; T3, 25 kg N ha^?1 through leuceana; T4, 25 kg N ha^?1 through farmyard manure (FYM); T5, 25 kg N + 25 kg P₂O₅ + 25 kg N ha^?1 through FYM; and T6, 25 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 + 50 kg N ha^?1 through leuceana under cotton + greengram intercropping (1:1). Out of the 19 soil quality parameters studied, significant influence of the soil and nutrient-management treatments was observed on almost all the parameters except exchangeable calcium (Ca), available iron (Fe), labile carbon (LC), and bulk density (BD). A standard methodology using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear scoring technique (LST) was adopted to identify the key indicators and for computation of soil quality indices. The various key soil quality indicators identified for these Vertisols under cotton + green gram system were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), available K, exchangeable magnesium (Mg), dehydrogenase assay (DHA), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The soil quality indices as influenced by different long-term soil and nutrient-management treatments varied from 1.46 to 2.10. Among the treatments, the conjunctive use of 25 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 + 50 kg N ha^?1 through leuceana green biomass (T6) maintained significantly higher soil quality index with a value of 2.10 followed by use of 25 kg N + 25 kg P₂O₅ + 25 kg N ha^?1 through FYM (T5) (2.01). The order of percent contribution of these identified indicators to soil quality indices was OC (28%) > MBC (25%) > available K (24%) > EC (7%) > pH (6%) = DHA (6%) > exchangeable Mg (4%). Thus, the findings of the present study could be of immense use to the researchers, land managers, farmers, nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders for making periodical assessment of key indicators of soil quality, identifying the best soil and nutrient-management treatments and practices, and planning for improving soil quality to achieve higher productivity goals on a sustainable basis in rainfed semi-arid tropical Vertisol regions. The methodology of the study could also be useful for other rainfed semi-arid tropical Vertisol regions of the world.     

施钼对大豆与间作玉米增加氮素及产量的效果

钼是豆科作物固氮酶复合体组成的必需元素。我国有较多土壤的有效钼含量低，不少研究已证明施用钼肥可使豆科作物明显增产。国外近期的研究指出，豆科作物固定的氮可被间作的高梁、玉米等作物吸收。本文介绍了对大豆与玉米间作体系中施钼肥的研究结果，证明施钼不仅增加了大豆的固氮量及产量，而且还增加了玉米对氮的吸收量与产量。因此，推广应用该措施对粮食增产具有重要意义。     

Towards sustainable production of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) through integrated use of vermicompost and cowpea green manuring with synthetic nitrogen fertilization

A field experiment with peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) was conducted in a sandy loam (Typic ustifluvent) soil during 2007 and 2008 at Lucknow, India. Ten treatments consisting of control (no synthetic or organic nitrogen fertilization), synthetic nitrogen fertilization (SN) 75, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1 alone, vermicompost (VC) 3 t + 37.5 kg SN ha^?1, VC 6 t + 75 kg SN ha^?1 and VC 9 t + 112.5 kg SN ha^?1 and intercropping of one, two and three rows of cowpea for green manuring in combination with 50, 100 and 150 kg SN ha^?1, respectively, were evaluated in a randomized block design. Integrated use of VC 9 t with 112.5 kg SN ha^?1 produced maximum essential oil (94.3 kg ha^?1), increased the herb and essential oil yields by 104 and 89%, respectively, over control and reduced SN use by 50%, without affecting the quality of essential oil. Application of VC and intercropping of cowpea for green manuring significantly improved the organic carbon, available N, P and K content in soil over SN alone. To get sustainable production of peppermint, application of VC 9 t ha^?1 along with 112.5 kg N ha^?1 through synthetic fertilizer is recommended for light textured sandy loam soils.