不同膜孔直径的浑水膜孔灌单向交汇入渗特性

根据室内浑水膜孔灌单向交汇入渗试验资料,研究了不同膜孔直径的浑水膜孔灌单向交汇入渗特性;建立了浑水膜孔灌单向交汇入渗参数、单向交汇时间、湿润锋运移参数与不同膜孔直径的关系;提出了不同膜孔直径的浑水膜孔灌单向交汇入渗单位膜孔面积累积入渗量模型、稳定入渗率模型、自由面和交汇面湿润锋运移模型。结果表明:随着膜孔直径增大,单点膜孔累积入渗量逐渐增大,单位膜孔面积累积入渗量逐渐减小;单位膜孔面积累积入渗量的K值随着膜孔直径的增大而减小,α随着膜孔直径的增大而逐渐增大;在膜孔间距一定的情况下,入渗发生交汇的时间随着膜孔直径的增大而减小;在相同入渗时间内,随着膜孔直径的增大,自由面和交汇面垂直和水平湿润锋运移距离都逐渐增加。     

TMV和CMV病毒外壳蛋白基因双靶向的RNA干涉载体构建

依据RNA干扰机制构建多病毒基因靶向的RNA干涉双元载体系统,为培育抗病毒复合侵染的番茄品种提供遗传转化载体。以烟草病毒病(TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)病毒外壳蛋白基因作为RNA干扰靶标基因,针对病毒株系间外壳蛋白基因同源区域设计靶序列引物,经RT-PCR获得两段靶标基因的DNA靶序列。借助T载体将两段靶序列连接成一条DNA序列。酶切后正向、反向锚定连接到p UCCRNAi中间载体的克隆位点,形成靶序列在载体中的双向重复结构;重复结构酶切后插入含超强启动子的p C2300-35s-OCS表达载体,重组的表达载体质粒电击转化到只含辅助质粒的根癌农杆菌中,完成RNAi双元载体系统的构建。     

绿盲蝽交配干扰剂丁酸己酯微囊的制备及田间防治效果

以乙基纤维素为壁材,丁酸己酯为芯材,采用相分离法制备了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum交配干扰剂丁酸己酯微囊。通过正交试验研究了乳化剂700#、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙酯及控释剂正十二烷4个因素对丁酸己酯微囊形成的影响,得到最佳制备工艺条件。利用生物显微镜对微囊的形态进行了观察,同时测定了在最优条件下制备的丁酸己酯微囊的载药量、包封率和释放速率等指标,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:在乙基纤维素3.0 g、丁酸己酯3.0 g、乳化剂700#1.5 g、聚乙烯醇2.0 g、乙酸乙酯30 m L和正十二烷2.0 g,以及滴加速率为5 m L/min、转速为1 000 r/min条件下制备的丁酸己酯微囊的载药量和包封率分别为21.5%和91.9%,外观较完整,粒径分布较均匀,平均粒径约为301.85μm,缓释效果较好(能持续释放35 d以上)。田间试验结果显示,调查期间悬挂丁酸己酯微囊的样区诱捕到绿盲蝽224头,与对照区相比少442头,表明丁酸己酯微囊对绿盲蝽交配具有干扰作用,可明显减少绿盲蝽繁殖的数量。     

云南省玉溪市玉米致死性坏死病毒原的分子鉴定

玉米致死性坏死病是由玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus,MCMV)和一种或多种马铃薯Y病毒科病毒复合侵染引起的。2014年1月在对云南省玉溪市玉米病毒病害的调查中发现了一些表现严重花叶、矮化叶片甚至整个植株坏死症状的玉米。对采集样品进行RT-PCR检测,所有样品中都同时检测到了MCMV和甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV),在一个样品中同时检测到了MCMV、SCMV和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus)。     

Expressing p20 hairpin RNA of Citrus tristeza virus confers Citrus aurantium with tolerance/resistance against stem pitting and seedling yellow CTV strains

The Citrus tristeza virus(CTV) uses 3 silencing suppressor genes, p20, p23 and p25, to resist the attacks from its Citrus hosts. Inactivating these genes is therefore obviously a potential defensive option in addition to the current control strategies including aphid management and the use of mild strain cross protection. In this study, we cloned partial DNA fragments from the three genes, and used them to construct vectors for expressing hairpin RNAs(hp RNAs). To facilitate the formation of hp RNAs, the constructs were introduced in a loop structure. Following transformation of sour orange(Citrus aurantium) with these constructs, 8 p20 hp RNA(hp20) and 1 p25 hp RNA(hp25) expressing lines were obtained. The 7 hp20 transgenic lines were further characterized. Their reactions to CTV were tested following inoculation with CT14 A and/or TR-L514, both of which are severe strains. Results showed that 3 lines(hp20-5, hp20-6 and hp20-8) were completely resistant to TR-L514 under greenhouse conditions for no detectable viral load was found in their leaves by PCR. However, they exhibited only partial suppression of TR-L514 under screen house conditions since the virus was detected in their leaves, though 2 months later compared to non-transgenic controls. Further tests showed that hp20-5 was tolerant also to CT14 A under screen house conditions. The growth of hp20-5 was much better than others including the controls that were concurrently challenged with CT14 A. These results showed that expressing p20 hp RNA was sufficient to c onfer sour orange with CTV resistance/tolerance.     

Cellulose aerogels decorated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: preparation,characterization, and application for electromagnetic interference shielding

Electromagnetic wave pollution has attracted extensive attention because of its ability to affect the operation of electronic machinery and endanger human health. In this work, the environmentally-friendly hybrid aerogels consisting of cellulose and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated. The aerogels have a low bulk density of 58.17 mg·cm⁻³. The incorporation of MWCNTs leads to an improvement in the thermal stability. In addition, the aerogels show a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) SE_total value of 19.4 dB. Meanwhile, the absorption-dominant shielding mechanism helps a lot to reduce secondary radiation, which is beneficial to develop novel eco-friendly EMI shielding materials.     

蜥蜴对内蒙古典型草原群落多样性和地上生物量的影响

为研究蜥蜴(Phrynocephalus frontalis)活动对内蒙古典型草原群落多样性、地上生物量、群落结构、生活型组成以及优势种生物量的影响,于2012年6月和8月在内蒙古毛登牧场围封草场内布设有蜥蜴样地和对照样地,进行样方调查和生物量取样.结果表明:与对照样地相比,蜥蜴样地6月的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度显著降低,8月Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度和物种丰富度均显著低于对照样地;蜥蜴样地的群落生物量在6月和8月分别比对照样地高68.85和111 g·m^-2;在功能群水平,蜥蜴样地一年生植物和多年生禾草的生物量比例比对照样地增加了19.1%和11.0%,而多年生杂类草生物量比例降低了19.8%;在物种水平,蜥蜴样地羊草(Leymus chinensis)生物量的比例在生长季节初期达到了75.0%.可见在内蒙古典型草原,蜥蜴干扰可使一年生植物和多年生禾草的生物量比例增加,而使多年生杂类草的物种数和生物量比例显著降低;蜥蜴干扰显著促进了羊草的生长;同时会降低群落的物种多样性,提高地上生物量.     

飞蝗3个细胞色素P450基因的分子特性及功能

【目的】研究飞蝗（Locusta migratoria）细胞色素P450（CYP450）第四家族（CYP4）中3个基因的功能。【方法】以飞蝗为材料,依据飞蝗EST数据库P450基因预测序列设计引物,利用 RT-PCR技术克隆飞蝗细胞色素P450基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1（GenBank登录号： KF857162、KF857163和KF857164）。采用实时定量 PCR 技术分析CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1在飞蝗各发育阶段以及不同组织中mRNA的表达水平。应用RNA干扰技术沉默CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1,实时定量 PCR 技术检测基因的沉默效率。应用农药点滴技术测定2龄若虫期飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的毒力,通过SPSS软件分析得出3种杀虫剂的LC30,同时应用该技术研究dsRNA干扰过的飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】克隆获得了飞蝗CYP450基因CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1的cDNA全长序列,其中CYP4C69开放阅读框1 518 bp,编码506个氨基酸;CYP4C73开放阅读框1 521 bp,编码 507个氨基酸;CYP4DH1开放阅读框1 512 bp,编码 504个氨基酸。对飞蝗不同龄期定量PCR结果分析,发现CYP4C69在若虫末期表达量高于成虫期,CYP4C73和CYP4DH1在飞蝗整个发育阶段均有表达,在若虫初期和末期以及成虫期表达量较高;不同组织的定量PCR结果表明CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1均在胃盲囊高表达,CYP4C69和CYP4DH1在脂肪体中高表达。通过RNA干扰,发现CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1均可以被显著沉默。马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯对2龄若虫期飞蝗的毒力测定表明2龄若虫期飞蝗对3种杀虫剂的LC30剂量,分别为59.438、8.215、0.759 μg•mL-1。飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂敏感性试验结果表明,双链RNA沉默CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1后,飞蝗点滴马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂后的死亡率与注射dsGFP的对照组相比,没有显著提高。【结论】获得飞蝗CYP450基因CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1的cDNA全长序列,这些基因均可被双链RNA干扰而沉默,但CYP4C69、CYP4C73和CYP4DH1沉默后,飞蝗对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱和溴氰菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性与对照组相比没有显著提高。