川化-018在水稻白叶枯病综防中的应用

1982—1984年在安徽进行的研究表明,川化-018用于秧苗处理预防白叶枯病最为经济有效,纯收益合投资的30倍。早稻和中稻本田用该药喷洒可获得较好的防治和较高的产量,纯收益分别合投资的2.55倍及2.2倍。本田发病中心用该药处理获得满意的效果。因此,在白叶枯病的综防中,对中抗和中感的栽培品种扩大秧苗处理而减少本田防治面积是合理可行的。     

综合防治烟草黄瓜花叶病研究

作者报道了综合措施防治烟草黄瓜花叶病(CMV)的研究结果。结果表明,以营养钵育苗移栽后覆盖地膜措施的防病增产效果好,移栽后46天,防治效果为73.87％,增产54.78％。其原因是,它综合了营养钵育苗移栽缩短感病时间和地膜驱蚜的双重机制。     

Quality versus quantity: spring wheat seed size and seeding rate effects on Avena fatua interference, economic returns and economic thresholds

A 3-year field experiment was conducted at Kalispell, Montana, USA, to investigate the effects of spring wheat seed size and seeding rate on wheat yield loss (YL), economic returns and economic thresholds (ETs), as a function of Avena fatua density. Crop competitive ability increased as wheat seeding rate and seed size increased, with the greatest differences among treatment factors being observed at low weed densities. Both treatment factors decreased spring wheat YL, increasing economic returns during all 3 years of the study despite the higher associated seed costs. Averaged over all other factors, adjusted gross returns (AGR) were 477 and 537$ ha⁻¹ for the low and high seeding rates, while values of 453, 521 and 547$ ha⁻¹ were obtained for the small, bulk and large seed size classes respectively. Weed-free yield potential varied yearly. As yield potential increased, A. fatua competitive effects were more evident and ETs decreased. Nonetheless, both treatment factors increased ETs in 2 of 3 years. These results demonstrate that the use of higher seeding rates and larger seed size classes both improve wheat competitive ability towards A. fatua while simultaneously increasing economic returns.     

Resistance to foliage-feeding insects in conifers: implications for pest management

The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence.     

鄂北地区栗瘿蜂综合防治技术研究

栗瘿蜂在鄂北地区一年发生一代，以初龄幼虫在被害芽内越冬。翌年4月上旬栗芽萌动时开始为害，使被害芽形成虫瘿抑制新梢生长，导致减产甚至绝收。当地该瘿蜂优势种天敌是中华长尾小蜂，益害比1∶5时能抑制栗瘿蜂的大发生。以冬季清园铲除杂草，剪除病虫枝等农业防治为基础，收集虫瘿于3月下旬挂于栗园保护天敌为主导，辅之以化学防治的综合防治措施能有效地控制栗瘿蜂的为害。     

新疆果树多毛小蠹生物学特性及防治

多毛小蠹是新疆果树重要害虫，危害杏树甚为严重。在库尔勒一年发生2～3代，主要以幼虫和少数成虫、卵在树皮内越冬，世代重叠。在自然变温下，卵历期4～11天，幼虫20～31天；蛹期6～9天；成虫10～35天。完成一世代需40～86天，主要以幼虫在寄主树表面活动。采用农业和药剂防治相结合效果显著。     

辣椒田蟋蟀种类、生活规律与综合防治的研究

辣椒田蟋蟀有5种。北京油葫芦 Teleogryllus emma Ohmaehi et Matsumura 为陕西关中灌区椒田的主要种。大扁头蟋 Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein 为不同生态区的常见种。各种蟋蟀在陕西1年均发生1代,以卵越冬,4月下旬孵化盛期,4月下旬—9月上旬若虫发生期,8月下旬—9月下旬成虫发生盛期。8—9月是为害辣椒的关键时期。蟋蟀具有较强的趋光性、趋化性,有趋向于渠边、地边的习性,18—19时为日活动高峰。地膜、杂草孳生、生长势郁闭、麦糠(草)覆盖及混作的椒田,种群数量大,为害严重。早期田间挖窝诱蛛、插种玉水、花生、繁育天敌,中期溜施毒土,后期毒饵诱杀,是控制蟋蟀为害的有效措施。     

甜菜丛根病综合防治技术研究Ⅱ.综合防治技术示范

对３个引进品种在不同病害程度条件下示范试验结果表明,在重病绝产地,平均根产量达６７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,增产３７％～４７０％,Ｂｅｔａ４０３５和Ｂｅｔａ４７７６的含糖率高达１７％以上;在中度病田,平均根产量为８０．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,增产２１０％～２６０％,含糖平均在１５．１％;在轻病地,平均根产量高达８７．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,增产１５３％～１６０％,含粮率平均为１５．２％。真实地反映了这项综合防治技术的可行性和引进品种的适应性及稳定性,展示了良好的应用前景。     

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and Two Plant Activators in Sunflower Plants

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and two plant activators DL--amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) and CGA 245704 (acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH)) in sunflower plants susceptible to downy mildew were studied in four experiments using different methods of treatment and pathogen inoculation. Both chemicals were applied as soil drenches and foliar sprays, whereas P. helianthi infection was obtained by root and cotyledon inoculations of the seedlings. Soil drenches at the rates of 50 and 100mgkg^–1 soil of BABA and BTH given 1 and 3 days before P. helianthi inoculation, respectively to mycorrhizal plants, provided moderate protection against the pathogen (about 50–55%). Morphological changes and decrease in mycorrhizal colonization in roots of BTH-treated plants and in BTH-treated mycorrhizal plants were also observed. Delay in the emergence and reduction of the root systems were more evident at the highest concentration but decreased with time. These effects were absent with the BABA treatment.Foliar spray treatment of BABA and BTH, applied at 4000 and 200µgml^–1, respectively (1 day post-inoculation) to mycorrhizal plants provided good protection (about 80%) against P. helianthi foliar infections. No effects on mycorrhizal colonization or on root systems were observed. In vitro tests on the effect of the compounds on the mycorrhizal fungus showed that the germination of G. mosseae sporocarps increased with BABA treatment whereas it was greatly inhibited by BTH treatment.     

杭州植物园白蚁为害现状及防治对策

白蚁是杭州重要的园林害虫,近年来为害猖獗,严重影响了植物的生长,破坏了生态景观。调查表明,为害杭州植物园的白蚁主要有4种,其中又以黑翅土白蚁为害最为严重。白蚁防治应遵循“预防为主,防治结合”的原则,采取综合防治。杭州植物园的白蚁防治应根据其自身条件,在加强园林养护的基础上,宜采取药剂驱避、喷粉灭杀、诱杀包诱杀相结合的防治措施。