岩滩水电开发对库区水环境的影响

【目的】研究岩滩水电开发对库区水环境的影响,为今后河流梯级开发库区水环境的保护以及水利生态调控提供理论依据。【方法】分别在枯水期和丰水期对红水河岩滩水电站库区水生态进行调查,结合库区建坝后藻类生态学研究数据,分析库区水质理化因子和藻类生物量变化特征。【结果】岩滩库区建坝后,而藻类生物量在枯水期和丰水期中有明显差异,丰水期高于枯水期;和建坝初期比较,藻类组成中喜静水的绿藻种类增加,硅藻种类下降,但藻类总密度增加明显;藻类密度和主要营养盐无明显的相关性,主要生源要素氮、磷浓度较建库前有较明显变化,特别库区可溶性硝酸盐增加显著,但磷酸盐浓度则下降。【结论】岩滩水电站库区水体营养状况呈现富营养化趋势,若有外源性磷进入库区,则极易引发严重的藻类“水华”。     

永定新河河口周围水域环境质量现状评价

从水质、沉积物、生物3个层次,分析永定新河河口周围水域环境质量现状,对水质进行有机污染评价,有些站位甚至出现重度污染。同时对沉积物进行单因子评价,沉积物质量状况较好。采用生物多样性指数法分析浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物,生物生存环境较差,底栖生物的尤其明显。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊形成的机理分析

依据实际调查资料并结合前人研究成果,在探明区域水文地质条件的基础上,系统计算分析了沙漠区及外围盆地地下水的补给与排泄,发现沙漠区地下水补给量小于排泄量2.55×108 m3/a,不能解释内陆湖泊水量长久不衰的原因;而位于沙漠区西缘的黑河金塔-鼎新盆地地下水补给量大于排泄量2.66×108 m3/a,未见盆地内地下水位大幅度上升,多余的水量不知去向;与沙漠区衔接的其它盆地地下水资源匮乏且处于补排基本平衡的状态,根本无途径和多余的水量补给沙漠区.前人研究结果证实,横贯我国西北-东西的阿尔金大断裂的东延部分及其所形成的羽翼状断层带存在地表破碎带,且地势西高东低并具有良好的导水性,而这个地表破碎带通过了金塔-鼎新盆地和巴丹吉林沙漠,正好位于沙漠内陆湖泊群附近.而湖泊群一带存在大量钙华和钙质胶结层及湖水中3He/4He的比值,均表明湖泊水经过了深部地壳层的循环,加上黑河正义峡-哨马营段河水海拔高于湖泊群的佐证,认为黑河在金塔-鼎新盆地强烈渗漏所产生的地下水顺着阿尔金断裂自西向东源源不断地补给了巴丹吉林沙漠,经过目前还不为人知的深部循环方式,地下水在湖泊群地表破碎带向上运移形成上升泉,最终成为巴丹吉林内陆沙漠湖泊群水源的补给来源.     

渭干河——库车河三角洲绿洲的水资源问题与农业节水潜力分析

建立节水型社会是我国的一项基本政策,也是解决渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源问题可持续利用的战略选择。渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源开发利用中存在的问题:主要由于社会、经济的发展及不合理的用水导致水资源短缺、水资源过度开发,水资源利用效率低、生态环境恶化等。渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲是典型的灌溉农业区,农业灌溉大部分仍采用粗放型的宽河大渠输水、田间大水漫灌方式,灌溉定额普遍偏高,农业节水潜力很大。本文重点定量分析了该绿洲农业用水效益、农业节水潜力,建议农业节水的途径及节水灌溉技术应从骨干工程改造节水、中低产田改造节水、降低地下水位节水、改造作物灌溉制度节水、加强管理节水等几个方面进行。最后提出渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源可持续利用的对策措施。     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

澧水常德段水环境质量现状分析与评价

比照《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002），运用综合评价指数法，对2007年度澧水常德段石门县三江口、津市市窑坡渡、安乡县沙河口3个监测断面的水质现状进行分析与评价。结果表明：澧水常德段水质总体上达到地表水Ⅲ类标准，水质良好，其中石门县三江口和安乡县沙河口所有监测项目均处于标准值范围，津市市窑坡渡存在粪大肠菌群超标现象。今后应加强水环境监测能力建设，重视水资源合理开发利用，统筹安排生产、生活用水，严格控制排污量，为地方经济社会发展提供可持续的水利保障。     

Current status and prospects of farming the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in Bangladesh

Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. Presently, it is cultured in around 50 000 ha area with total annual production of 23 240 t. Traditional extensive prawn farming has been expanding over the last three decades through the introduction and adoption of improved culture systems, such as culture of prawn‐carps, prawn‐shrimp‐fish and prawn‐fish‐rice as concurrent and rotational systems. Efforts for the development of improved techniques on broodstock management, seed production and rearing and grow‐out of prawn have been made over the last decade. The outcomes are low‐cost feed for broodstock, production of post‐larvae in net cages (hapa), all‐male prawn culture, periphyton based prawn‐tilapia culture, C/N based prawn culture, organic prawn farming, prawn‐mola culture and prawn‐carp‐mola polyculture. Despite the development of culture technologies, a number of challenges for sustainable development of prawn farming need to be overcome to realize the potentials of this promising sector. Good aquaculture practises at all levels and application of measures for quality control and food safety would ensure sustainable development of prawn farming in Bangladesh.     

Morphological variability of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta in different river environments

Abstract – The morphologies of sympatric juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr and brown trout Salmo trutta parr were compared between Irish rivers with contrasting hydraulic environments – a high‐gradient and a low‐gradient tributary from the River Barrow catchment, south‐east Ireland and a high‐gradient river from the Burrishoole catchment, west of Ireland. The two catchments differ markedly in mean annual precipitation (849.0 mm year^?1 and 1370.3 mm year^?1 for the Barrow and Burrishoole catchments, respectively). Parr of both species demonstrated morphological variation between and within catchments. Changes in metrics such as pectoral fin length, body depth and body length between and within catchments suggest that hydraulic forces were a major determinant of morphological variation. Both species from the Burrishoole catchment had relatively larger pectoral fins, longer heads, larger eyes and shallower bodies than conspecifics from the Barrow catchment. In rivers subject to frequent rainfall‐driven high discharges, such as those in the Burrishoole catchment, a more fusiform body and head shape coupled with larger pectoral fins may reduce the energetic cost of maintaining position in the water column, as well as increase stability and manoeuvrability. The larger eyes in both parr species in the Burrishoole catchment could further be a response to the lower visibility of the more turbid and peat‐stained waters or to the reduced prey availability. The results of this study demonstrate that local adaptation to flow conditions can yield morphologically distinct populations and that multiple species can exhibit parallel phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions.     

KEYSTONE生态护坡砖在广州东濠涌整治工程中的应用

生态护岸是结合植物与土木工程对河道坡面进行防护的一种新形式。生态护岸集防洪效应、生态效应、景观效应和自净效应于一体,是生态文明时代河道护岸技术的发展方向。文章概述了目前国内生态河道护坡构建技术的发展现状,并对KEYSTONE生态河道护坡砖在广州东濠涌综合整治工程中的应用进行了探讨研究。     

伊犁河流域地表水资源优势及开发利用潜力研究

伊犁河流域是新疆地表水系最发达、径流最发育、水资源最丰富的内陆河流域,具有流域降水丰沛,径流补给充分,径流量大;水系发达,河川密布;水量变化较小、泥沙含量较少、水质较好的资源优势。但受经济发展水平及产业结构层次的限制,伊犁河流域水资源总体上仍处于利用效率低下、生产经营方式落后、综合利用潜力巨大的初级开发阶段。依据部颁SL201-9《江河流域规划编制规范》和流域整体规划目标,经过水资源多目标开发平衡分析与评价,给出了伊犁河流域水资源综合开发和合理配置远景规划方案。