玛纳斯河流域ET0影响因子分析及对Hargreaves法的修正

准确估算作物蒸发蒸腾量对于农业水资源的规划和指导农田灌溉非常重要。该文以具有典型内陆河特征的玛纳斯河流域为例,根据1953-2008年的气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith(PM)法计算了流域内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,并对影响参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的各气象因子进行了通径分析,结果表明在玛纳斯河流域温度是影响参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的最主要因子。以PM法计算得到的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量为标准值,对Hargreaves法计算的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量进行比较分析,结果表明Hargreaves法计算结果偏差较大,在4-10月尤为明显。基于35 a气象资料,采用贝叶斯方法对Hargreaves公式进行修订,采用另外21 a气象资料对修订的Hargreaves公式进行验证,结果显示修正后的Hargreaves公式满足精度要求,且计算简便,可为内陆河流域参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的计算提供参考。     

国际大都市上海郊区的"三农"问题与农业现代化研究

本研究采取宏观与微观分析相结合,理论与实证研究相结合的研究方法,在比较国内外先进农业发展道路的基础上,研究以建设世界级大城市为目标的上海郊区“农业、农村、农民”问题,提出了新形势下上海郊区科技兴农的思路与率先基本实现农业现代化的对策。     

Reclaiming saline areas in Khorat Basin (Northeast Thailand): Soil properties,species distribution,and germination of potential tolerant species

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of native Thai species for reclaiming salt-affected areas in Thailand. Plant species diversity in Nakhon Ratchasima Province in northeast Thailand, and their soil characteristics (texture, electrical conductivity (EC_e), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and pH) were measured. A total of 19 species in 16 genera of 12 families were found, among which the most abundant species belonged to the Poaceae and Cyperaceae families. The highest values of EC_e were found near the surface (0–20?cm) with an average range between 30–80?dS?m^?1, while lower values in the range of 15–25?dS?m^?1 were found at lower depths (20–100?cm). Soil conditions in the subplots with plant coverage showed lower EC_e and ESP when compared to plots without vegetation. Seeds from the three most frequently occurring species, including Azima sarmentosa, Gymnosporia mekongensis, and Buchanania siamensis, were then tested for germination at different salinities. Seeds of all three species germinated at high salinities, from 25–45?dS?m^?1, with total germination ranging 40–90%. Together with the ability to germinate at high salinities, these native species showed deep, rapid root elongation, likely to escape high surface EC_e levels (approximately the top 30?cm). Planting these species in areas with vegetation coverage would aid successful reclamation of saline areas. Reclaiming salt-affected soils will not only improve local farmer’s economic status, but can also reduce the extent of deforestation, benefiting the entire ecosystem.     

干旱内陆河流域生态系统服务空间权衡与协同作用分析

为了测度生态系统服务的空间权衡/协同关系,该文以干旱内陆河流域典型地区嘉峪关-酒泉地区为研究区,对其2000年和2010年食物供给、碳储存、水源涵养和土壤保持4种生态系统服务物质量进行定量测算.利用相关分析法和空间热点制图等方法,分析了生态系统服务时空变化,从县域尺度和区域尺度上分析了生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系,识别了某种服务的物质量或价值量极高的热点区.结果表明:研究区单位面积食物供给的高值区分布在中东部的肃州区及嘉峪关市,碳储存表现为东部及南部较高的分布格局;土壤保持在2000年和2010年变化不大,呈现出从西到东逐渐增大的分布趋势;单位面积水源涵养值由2000年的0.40mm/(m2·a)提高到2010年的0.99mm/(m2·a).县域尺度上,各种生态系统服务之间大多为协同关系,其中食物-碳和水源-碳之间的协同程度较高;区域尺度上,食物供给和土壤保持、水源涵养和土壤保持生态系统服务间存在此消彼长的权衡关系.4种生态系统服务的值均未超过各自平均值的0类服务区和只有1种生态系统服务的值超过其所对应平均值的1类服务区分别占总面积的58.50%和25.20%.该研究结果可为制定差别化的区域发展与生态保护双赢政策提供科学参考.     

Alien freshwater fish species in the Balkans—Vectors and pathways of introduction

Fish introductions, particularly in areas of high biological diversity and endemism, represent a major threat for biodiversity. In the Balkan Peninsula, 60 fish species have been introduced to date, of which 36 have become naturalized in inland waters. Since the Balkans are one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, this large presence of alien fish species poses a serious threat for the stability of freshwater ecosystems and the survival of the native ichthyofauna and of aquatic biodiversity in general. The motivation for the introductions, and the historical timeline, varies among the Balkan states. Despite recent attempts to implement and align legislation aimed at preventing the introduction of potentially invasive species, and the implementation of rigorous controls of introductions and increased protection of open waters, the majority of current introductions remain intentional, primarily via aquaculture. This review article provides a historical overview of freshwater fish introductions, the motivation behind them and the current distribution of alien freshwater fishes in the Balkans. The ecological implications and future perspectives concerning alien fish species in the region are also discussed.     

回声探测仪在我国内陆水体鱼类资源调查中的初步应用

介绍了2005-2008年在国内内陆水体鱼类资源调查中,EY60回声探测仪的使用及其效果.该探测仪利用分裂波束(Split-beam)技术,通过交叉过滤(Cross-filter)及轨迹跟踪分析(Tracking analysis),实现了对鱼类个体的自动判别及计数;另外对使用中噪声消减、渔获物调查数据的参考等进行了说明;强调回声探测仪自主品牌产品研发的必要性.     

中小城市环城游憩地开发原则与模式研究——以河北省保定市为例

介绍了环城游憩地的定义与类型,分析了中小城市环城游憩地的开发原则,并以保定市为例,进行实证分析,提出了保定市环城游憩地的开发模式。