河西走廊3大内陆河近51年出山径流分布特征

以河西走廊疏勒河、黑河和石羊河1955～2005年时段的河流流量和气象实测数据为资料,应用多种数值诊断方法,系统分析了流域内51年间出山径流的季节及年际变化等.结果表明,走廊内出山径流的年内分配差异较大;三大河流的夏汛流量的峰值出现在同一时期,出山径流量自西向东疏勒河、黑河和石羊河分别占年总出山径流量的74.75%、75.04%和80.94%;径流的年际变化,平水年份最多,占总序列的38.56%,偏枯年大于偏丰年7.84%,说明出山径流量呈减少趋势;累积滤波器和Kendall秩次相关分析结果表明,年出山径流的变化趋势总体呈缓慢下降趋势,三大河流的年出山径流系列累积平均曲线在2005年趋于重合;Morlet分析结果预示未来径流量将处于相对偏少期.     

塔里木盆地盐分循环变化与调控

在人类活动影响下,干旱内陆盆地盐分循环发生了很大变化,河流尾闾湖的盐分积聚区域消失,农田排水使河水水质盐化加重。本文提出了干旱内陆盆地盐分循环的调控措施,目的在于控制盐分快速积累的恶性循环,为新时期土壤渍化治理的宏观控制提供依据。     

干旱区地下水功能评价与区划体系指标权重解析

针对西北内陆平原区自然湿地和天然植被对地下水埋藏状况具有强烈依赖性的特点,遵循多目标组合、属性归类、功能聚合和系统唯一的层次逻辑,构建了适合干旱区地下水功能评价与区划体系,与2006版相比,赋予了该体系指标不同的内涵;在由2006年版的22项要素指标精简为14项的同时,增设了\     

Yield predictive models for Sri Lankan reservoir fisheries

Tropical reservoirs are primarily constructed for irrigation, generation of hydroelectricity and water supply schemes. Development of inland fisheries is a secondary use of most reservoirs. In Sri Lanka, most reservoirs are scattered in the rural areas of the country so that investigation of the fisheries of individual reservoirs with a view to developing management plans is prohibitive. The present study was instigated to explore the possibilities of developing suitable yield predictive models, which can be used in developing management strategies for the Sri Lankan reservoirs. The study was carried out in 11 perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Basic limnological parameters (conductivity, dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a [chl a] content and alkalinity) were determined in each of these reservoirs. Daily data on fish catch and fishing effort were collected in each reservoir. Data on catchment areas (CA), reservoir area (RA) and reservoir capacity (RC) were obtained from the irrigation and survey departments. It is evident that chl a is positively influenced by nutrients (dissolved phosphorus and total phosphorus), morphoedaphic indices derived as alkalinity to mean depth (MEIa) and conductivity to mean depth (MEIc) ratios and CA/RC ratios. MEIa and MEIc are also positively influenced by CA/RC ratios. All these morphological and edaphic parameters were found to positively influence fish yield in reservoirs. As fishing intensity (FI) is also a major determinant of fish yields, fish yield was better accounted by multiple regression models in which FI and individual morphological and edaphic parameters were used as independent variables. Of these multiple regression relationships, the best predictive power for fish yield (Y in kg ha?1 yr?1) was found by Y=18.9+6.78 FI+0.0073 CA/RC where FI is expressed as boat‐days ha?1 yr?1 and CA and RC are in km2 and km3, respectively. In this relationship, FI and CA/RC account for about 68% of the variation in fish yield.     

山地城市生态基础设施评价研究——以重庆都市区为例

以大气系统、绿地系统和水文系统为依据,建立评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和模糊数学法构建评价模型,并以重庆都市区为例,对其生态基础设施质量状况进行实例研究。结果表明:重庆都市区生态基础设施质量状况在绿地系统和水文系统方面属于一般等级;大气系统方面属于较好等级;综合质量状况属于一般等级。     

Rapid change in Yangtze fisheries and its implications for global freshwater ecosystem management

Freshwater capture fisheries are globally essential for food security and aquatic biodiversity conservation. The Yangtze River Basin is the third longest and one of the most human‐influenced drainage basins worldwide. Since the founding of P. R. China in 1949, this large river system has suffered increasing human perturbation and its sustainable development is now severely challenged. Meta‐analysis showed that Yangtze River fisheries have experienced an extraordinary process of utilization–over‐exploitation–protection during the past 70 years, to an extent that other globally important rivers may never have encountered. Its fisheries appear to have collapsed over the past four decades, with yield decreasing to only 25% of an historical peak of 400,000 metric tonnes in the late 1950s. Endemic, migratory and rare fishes have been highly threatened with obvious changes in fish community structure and aquatic biodiversity. Anthropogenic activities, including impoundment of water in dams, discharge of pollutants and riverine modification for vessel navigation, have caused large decreases in fisheries yields. Projections from surplus production modelling showed potential for improvement under fishing ban scenarios, but without any prospect for full recovery to historical stock status. This study revealed that the change in fisheries resources was dominated by the social–ecological watershed system, and an integrated approach to river basin management is warranted. Better management of freshwater ecosystems to integrate food security with biodiversity conservation is urgently needed throughout the world, and the changes evident in the Yangtze River fish populations can serve as an informative global reference.     

Trace elements in waters of inland,low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama

Trace element concentrations in waters of 10, inland, low‐salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama tended to be greater than those found in normal seawater – molybdenum, boron and silicon were exceptions. Concentrations of most trace elements varied greatly among ponds on individual sampling dates, and average concentrations based on all sampling dates in individual ponds also varied considerably. The analytical method used, digestion of water samples in nitric acid followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry, measured total concentrations of trace elements – free ions, hydrolysis products, ion pairs, coordination compounds (chelated forms) and particulate forms. Free ions are the toxic forms of most trace elements and the ionic concentration is much less than the total concentration of a trace element. Based on total concentrations of trace elements, it is doubtful that free‐ionic concentrations of trace elements were great enough to harm shrimp. The fact that no negative correlations were noted between trace element concentrations and shrimp survival and production supports this conclusion. However, positive correlations (P < 0.05) between shrimp survival and production and increasing concentrations of zinc, cobalt and iron should be investigated further to ascertain if additions of these elements to ponds might improve shrimp performance.     

Introduced and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Greece

Over the last 7 decades, 23 exotic fish species have been introduced into the inland waters of Greece. Some introductions were deliberately planned to take advantage of particular ecological or economic qualities of the species concerned. These include rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus sp., vendace, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes). Other introductions, such as that of pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (L.), and false rasbora, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), were unintentional. Further transfers were made of species between various basins within the country, including common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., tench, Tinca tinca (L.), crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), bitterling, Rhodeus amarus (Bloch), and Aristotle's catfish, Silurus aristotelis Garman. Some species have become fully acclimatized and have built up important populations. In other cases, the transfers and introductions have had considerable negative impacts, particularly where introduced species have outcompeted native forms, as in the cases of the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard), versus Greek toothcarp, Valencia letourneuxi (Sauvage), in the western Greek marshes, and of Aristotle's catfish versus the wels, Silurus glanis L., in Lake Volvi.     

Stocking strategies for production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in amended freshwater in inland ponds

The performance of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) under various stocking strategies was evaluated in earthen ponds filled with freshwater amended with major ions. Six 0.1‐ha earthen ponds located in Pine Bluff, AR, USA, were filled with freshwater in 2003 and 2004, and potassium magnesium sulphate added to provide 50 mg K⁺ L^?1 and stock salt added to provide 0.5 g L^?1 salinity. In 2003, three ponds either were stocked with PL₁₅ shrimp (39 PL m^?2) for 125 days of grow out or with PL₂₅ shrimp for 55 days (23 PL m^?2) followed by a 65‐day (28 PL m^?2) grow‐out period. In 2004, ponds were stocked with 7, 13 or 30 PL₁₅ m^?2 for 134 days of grow out. Salinity averaged 0.7 g L^?1 during both years, and concentration of SO₄^?2, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was higher, and Na⁺ and Cl^? was lower in amended pond water than in seawater at 0.7 g L^?1 salinity. Potassium concentration in amended water was 52–61% of the target concentration. Shrimp yields ranged from 3449 kg ha^?1 in 2003 to 4966 kg ha^?1 in 2004 in ponds stocked with 30–39 PL₁₅ m^?2 for a 125–134‐day culture period. At harvest, mean individual weight ranged from 17.1 to 19.3 g shrimp^?1. In ponds stocked with PL₂₅ shrimp, yields averaged 988 and 2462 kg ha^?1 for the 1st and 2nd grow‐out periods respectively. Gross shrimp yield in 2004 increased linearly from 1379–4966 kg ha^?1 with increased stocking rate. These experiments demonstrated that L. vannamei can be grown successfully in freshwater supplemented with major ions to a final salinity of 0.7 g L^?1.     

甘肃省棉花生产的自然特点和区域划分及发展思路

通过分析甘肃省棉花生产发展、布局演变和植棉区自然、气候特点等,按照"区域划分同一性"原则,以≥10℃活动积温、7月平均气温、无霜期为主要依据,在全国棉花生产一级区划的框架下,将甘肃省棉花生产划分为黄河流域棉区黄土高原亚区、黄河流域棉区特早熟亚区和西北内陆棉区河西走廊亚区3个二级区;中部沿黄灌区特早熟次亚区、陇东特早熟次亚区、河西走廊早熟棉次亚区和河西走廊特早熟次亚区4个3级区。通过分区评述各级区的气候、生产等特点,指出了在该区发展棉花生产的优势、不利条件和自然灾害,提出了棉花产业发展的思路:如合理规划产业布局,优化种植区域与结构;坚持集中连片,突出规模效益;坚持依靠科技创新,突出经济效益;实施产、学、研相结合,育、繁、推一体化的模式;加强人才队伍建设和科技培训;增加和整合支农投入。