中国北方内陆盐水水域鱼类的种类和多样性

根据中国北方内陆盐水水域生物资源的调研材料，结合国内已有的报道，试对中国北方内陆盐水水域鱼类种类和分布做初步分析，在已掌握的60多个水域资料中，有鱼生存的21个盐水湖，盐度为1．24－13．00，碱度为3．0－44．5mmol/L,pH8.20-9.45，共见到鱼类74种，隶属8目16科，其中许多是北方区，宁蒙区和华西区鱼类的指示种，也有华东区和华南区的代表种，各湖的鱼类种数在1－27种之间，北方区和宁蒙区各水域鱼类区系的相似系数较高，新疆盐水湖针类种类组成较有特点，作者还讨论了盐度、碱度，pH等生态因子对鱼类的种类和多样性的影响，以及对盐水水域鱼类资源和多样性的保护利用方式。     

INLAND AQUACULTURE IN INDIA: PAST TREND,PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

ABSTRACT

In India, inland aquaculture has emerged as a fast-growing enterprise and a viable alternative to the declining capture fisheries. The present paper is an attempt to assess Indian inland aquaculture with respect to its resource base, output trends, systems and activities, yield gaps, adoption and impact on aquaculturists, economics, returns to inputs, investment needs, and future prospects. The paper is largely based on existing literature and observations made as part of an ICAR-WorldFish demand supply project. Indian aquaculture is primarily limited to inland sector and carp-oriented; for that reason, this activity received special attention. Freshwater aquaculture observed tremendous growth in the past 15 years, but immense scope still exists for horizontal expansion and increases in productivity (vertical expansion). This is evidenced by the fact that the average farm fish yield is only one-third of that achieved in farm trials. The difference was mainly due to much higher input use in on-farm trials. Most of the aquaculturists were practicing extensive aquaculture, but aquaculturists with semi-intensive operations benefited most from adoption of technology. The benefit:cost ratios for different systems of aquaculture varied between 1.22 to 1.86. The return to capital was much higher than the return to labor, due to the low labor input. The semi-intensive aquaculture system would receive the greatest return from projected macrolevel investments, followed by extensive and intensive systems. Dedicated efforts are needed to meet the demand for quality fish seed and feed in order to achieve the desired 45% increase in area and greater than 50% increase in productivity. Based on the observations, activities designed to foster inland aquacultural development in India are recommended.     

Breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of a rare sand dune shrub Eremosparton songoricum(Fabaceae:Papilionoideae):implications for conservation

The breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of Eremosparton songoricum(Litv.) Vass.,a rare shrubby legume occurring in moving or semi-fixed sand dunes of Central Asian deserts,were examined by manipulative experiments and observational studies in natural populations during the period of 2007-2009.The results showed that E.songoricum exhibits a mixed mating system.It is self-compatible,but depends strictly on pollinators to set fruits.Only two effective pollinators were detected and they triggered the specialized pollination mechanism(a 'brush type' and 'tripping mechanism').Geitonogamy becomes predominant in natural populations,because(74.5±1.3)% of visiting activity happened within or between inflorescences and(24.3±1.4)% occurred between ramets.As a result,inbreeding depression caused by geitonogamous selfing inevitably happened under natural conditions,showing 2.36 times less fruit set than was achieved by hand cross-pollination.The results explained the rarity of the species due to its breeding system,and will assist to develop suitable conservation strategies in severe desert environments.     

西安建设丝绸之路经济带旅游制高点研究

从国际化大都市建设的细分市场战略、丝绸之路经济带制高点建设和丝绸之路经济带制高点与国际化大都市建设的战略步骤阐述了西安建设区域性国际化大都市的战略布局。分析了丝绸之路经济带制高点建设带动西安成为区域性国际化大都市的比较优势,并在此基础上勾画了西安从建设丝绸之路旅游带到国际化大都市的蓝图。最后总结了西安建设国际化大都市的战略及意义。     

西北典型内陆湖泊近40年来的演化特点及机制分析

利用40年来的实测数据研究揭示了西北典型内陆湖泊的演化特点及机制。研究表明:赛里木湖气候向暖湿转变,降水逐渐增加,处于湖面稳定扩张阶段;青海湖降水无明显变化,入湖地表径流却逐年减少,湖泊处于持续萎缩阶段;察尔汗盐湖,入湖水量少,湖面蒸发量大,处于干涸、半干涸状态,更容易萎缩。影响湖泊演化的因子主要是气候变化及人类活动。     

浙江省内陆立地区立地分类研究

在对浙江省内陆地区立地自然环境特征及分异规律进行分析的基础上，将内陆立地区划分为７个立地类型区、１４个立地类型组和２７个立地类型。     

河西走廊3大内陆河近51年出山径流分布特征

以河西走廊疏勒河、黑河和石羊河1955～2005年时段的河流流量和气象实测数据为资料,应用多种数值诊断方法,系统分析了流域内51年间出山径流的季节及年际变化等.结果表明,走廊内出山径流的年内分配差异较大;三大河流的夏汛流量的峰值出现在同一时期,出山径流量自西向东疏勒河、黑河和石羊河分别占年总出山径流量的74.75%、75.04%和80.94%;径流的年际变化,平水年份最多,占总序列的38.56%,偏枯年大于偏丰年7.84%,说明出山径流量呈减少趋势;累积滤波器和Kendall秩次相关分析结果表明,年出山径流的变化趋势总体呈缓慢下降趋势,三大河流的年出山径流系列累积平均曲线在2005年趋于重合;Morlet分析结果预示未来径流量将处于相对偏少期.     

中国内陆干旱区生态环境用水研究述评

对中国内陆干旱区生态环境用水研究进展的分析认为,中国生态环境用水研究发展迅速,初步界定了生态环境用水概念、范畴及分类,提出了直接计算和间接估算方法,但对这一概念仍缺乏明确严格界定,其分类及计算尚未形成统一标准,计算结果可靠性不高,此方面的研究尚待加强。     

干旱内陆河灌区灌溉条件下地下水变化规律

在干旱内陆河灌区,地下水比较活跃,与非灌区存在着交换,同时也与土壤水存在着交换.在灌溉前后地下水水位变化幅度较大.了解和掌握地下水的运动规律,对于促进农业节水灌溉有重大的现实意义.以塔里木盆地西北缘阿瓦提县为例,通过实验对干旱内陆河灌区的地下水变化规律进行研究,得出在干旱内陆河灌区,地下水位动态随地表来水入渗补给而上升,随农作物蒸腾、潜水蒸发消耗而消退,在灌溉过程中,地下水位浮动比较大,易引起耕地盐碱化,并提出了有效的建议.     

Relationship between fish assemblage and angler catch in the Sulejów Reservoir,central Poland,in the context of a warming climate

The Pilica River has warmed at a rate of 0.06°C per year since 1969, threatening the ecological services provided by the Sulejów Reservoir. Gillnet sampling revealed that the reservoir is inhabited by a cyprinid‐dominated fish assemblage with roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) (42% of the total biomass), the dominant species. However, the interest of the anglers was primarily focused on common bream, Abramis brama (L.) (almost 65% of the catch), as revealed by the catch statistics (2004–2014). No direct evidence was found that the temperature increase had an influence on the recreational fishery or fish assemblage structure. On the other hand, changes in the fish assemblage that were reflected in angler catch composition were observed. A decrease in the catch of common bream in gillnets was accompanied by a shift in angler choices towards roach and other fish species. The sustainability of recreational fisheries is more likely to be influenced by changes in the economic status of society, water quality (toxic cyanobacteria blooms) and water management practices in Poland. The question arises about which species will dominate in the impoundment in the future if the warming trend continues and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., stocking is maintained.