Social, economic and cultural perspectives of European inland fisheries: review of the EIFAC symposium on fisheries and society

The contributions presented at the EIFAC Symposium on Fisheries and Society in 2000 are reviewed. There have been considerable advances in many sectors of inland fisheries over the past decade. Nowadays the value of inland fisheries to society is generally better understood and increasingly recognized. However, it was recognized that the allocation of fishery resources and their management could still be made more effective through more extensive application of the recent approaches and techniques discussed during the Symposium and reviewed in the paper.     

Inland commercial fisheries management in France

The French fisheries management regime is based on public and private ownership of fishing waters associated with a complex multilevel management system. A total of 730 operational commercial inland fisheries were examined by analysis of thematic interviews and questionnaires. Commercial fishermen are beginning to understand the nature of their own activity and its relationship to the concept of sustainable management. Nevertheless, fishermen have to face two major problems: first, they are poorly represented on decision making bodies where anglers are dominant, and secondly their activities are governed by two separate ministries. Opportunities for future development may lie in decision making at the catchment level.     

武汉远城区都市农业产业化初探

本文在分析武汉远城区都市农业发展机遇与挑战并存的背景后,提出武汉都市农业产业化势在必行,并结合武汉远城区农业发展实际,提出三项对策,包括整合科技资源,实现农业科技化;推行农机作业,实现农业机械化;探索良性机制,实现农业市场化。     

内陆河水资源合理利用的优化分配方法

依据内陆河流域不同区域在水资源条件、气候条件、经济发展水平及水资源利用途径等方面的差异性，以及时序上水资源的利用规律，提出了旨在合理利用水资源，改善生态环境的水资源优化分配方法。通过在黑河流域的实例应用，论证了该方法的有效性。     

中亚五国内陆渔业产业衰退析因及其重振策略探讨

中亚包括哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦五国,是"丝绸之路经济带"的核心区域,内陆渔业资源禀赋雄厚,世界第一大湖里海以及第四大湖咸海均分布在域内。在前苏联时期中亚各国捕捞渔业和水产养殖发展态势良好,随着东欧巨变及前苏联政局陷入动荡直至解体,渔业生产急剧萎缩,至今虽有复苏但尚未能恢复到苏联时期的发展水平。本文主要基于我们前期研究基础以及FAO和世界银行等统计数据,提出对苏联解体后中亚各国渔业崩溃的原因解读,并探讨在"一带一路"框架下,中国和中亚各国可行的渔业合作方式以及重振中亚渔业的策略方法。     

大都市边缘区三级基本农田集中保护区分级划定及调控机制

针对大都市边缘区城市拓展与农地保护矛盾尖锐、景观破碎化、权属细碎化、整体布局稳定性差等问题,开展三级基本农田集中保护区分级划定及调控机制研究,对大都市边缘区保红线保发展促集约促创新具有重要意义。该文以北京市昌平区为例,提出三级基本农田集中保护区划定的总体思路,构建基本农田集中保护区识别指标体系,划定基本农田集中保护区,并将基本农田集中保护区分为市区乡三级,在此基础上探讨基本农田集中保护区分级调控机制。研究划定了1个市级基本农田集中保护区、6个区级基本农田集中保护区、6个乡级基本农田集中保护区,规划土地整治复耕1 149.97 hm2,使单位基本农田经营规模提高到38.76 hm2,使3 hm2以下细小图斑降低至1.21%,实现了昌平区内96.63%的基本农田集中连片保护,建立了规划调控、用途管制、奖惩联动分级调控机制。研究结果可为国家制定基本农田保护区分级保护政策和开展同类研究提供参考,为地方政府提高基本农田保护区保护质量和管理效率提供思路借鉴。     

河西内陆区水安全及保障体系

通过对水安全概念的描述,分析了河西内陆区水资源的利用及其安全现状,同时针对河西内陆区的具体概况,提出了内陆区水资源安全的区域经济发展模式、生态环境建设模式、水安全的水资源利用措施和水安全保障措施。     

河西内陆区十二五农业节水途径及节水潜力分析

河西内陆区气候干旱,水资源短缺,经济、社会、生态系统用水矛盾突出。随着人口的持续增长和社会经济的快速发展,经济生态系统之间的用水矛盾日益尖锐,黑河、石羊河、疏勒河下游均相继出现了土地沙化、农田荒芜、植被枯萎、湿地萎缩等严重的生态环境问题。结合“十二五”农业节水规划,分析了不同农业节水措施和水平对生态系统的作用和支撑能力,对制定生态系统建设规划具有重要参考作用。     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊形成的机理分析

依据实际调查资料并结合前人研究成果,在探明区域水文地质条件的基础上,系统计算分析了沙漠区及外围盆地地下水的补给与排泄,发现沙漠区地下水补给量小于排泄量2.55×108 m3/a,不能解释内陆湖泊水量长久不衰的原因;而位于沙漠区西缘的黑河金塔-鼎新盆地地下水补给量大于排泄量2.66×108 m3/a,未见盆地内地下水位大幅度上升,多余的水量不知去向;与沙漠区衔接的其它盆地地下水资源匮乏且处于补排基本平衡的状态,根本无途径和多余的水量补给沙漠区.前人研究结果证实,横贯我国西北-东西的阿尔金大断裂的东延部分及其所形成的羽翼状断层带存在地表破碎带,且地势西高东低并具有良好的导水性,而这个地表破碎带通过了金塔-鼎新盆地和巴丹吉林沙漠,正好位于沙漠内陆湖泊群附近.而湖泊群一带存在大量钙华和钙质胶结层及湖水中3He/4He的比值,均表明湖泊水经过了深部地壳层的循环,加上黑河正义峡-哨马营段河水海拔高于湖泊群的佐证,认为黑河在金塔-鼎新盆地强烈渗漏所产生的地下水顺着阿尔金断裂自西向东源源不断地补给了巴丹吉林沙漠,经过目前还不为人知的深部循环方式,地下水在湖泊群地表破碎带向上运移形成上升泉,最终成为巴丹吉林内陆沙漠湖泊群水源的补给来源.