外源磺胺二甲嘧啶对施用粪肥的菜地土壤中微生物群落多样性的影响

【目的】明确磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)随粪便施入土壤对土壤微生物群落造成的影响,为合理进行养殖场周围土壤环境质量评估和施肥管理提供参考依据。【方法】收集养殖场附近未经抗生素污染的粪便和土壤,构建粪便–土壤模型,设置不同SM2添加剂量的处理,分别为对照组(0)、低剂量组(5μg·kg~(-1))、中剂量组(500μg·kg~(-1))和高剂量组(5 000μg·kg~(-1)),并分别于粪便和SM2施入1、7、14和50 d后采集土壤样品,采用Biolog技术以及磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)标记法对比分析不同处理组土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力、菌群结构和功能多样性变化。【结果】SM2的施入提高了土壤微生物群落的总体碳源利用能力,中、高剂量组在施入50 d时对除酯类以外的其他碳源利用能力均强于对照组。低剂量组在施入7 d内对各类碳源利用能力增强,中、高剂量SM2的施入可能会影响土壤群落某些优势物种的繁殖和数量分配。随施入时间的延长,土壤微生物群落对不同剂量SM2反应不同,革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌以及真菌数量变化显著,放线菌变化不明显。【结论】SM2的施入将长期影响土壤微生物群落的结构与功能多样性。养殖场应及时处理动物排泄物以消除抗生素残留,减少粪肥对土壤环境造成的生态破坏。     

三江源区高寒草甸草场植被和土壤对外源氮素输入的响应

为了探究不同形态氮素在高寒草甸中的分配及利用情况,本研究以玉树州称多县的高寒草甸为研究对象,利用¹⁵N标记技术,设置对照（N0）、铵态氮（N1,（¹⁵NH₄）₂SO₄）、硝态氮（N2,Ca （¹⁵NO₃）₂）、酰胺态氮（N3,CO （¹⁵NH₂）₂）四种处理,测定不同形态氮素添加下植物和土壤中的全氮及氮素回收率的指标。结果表明：不同形态氮素添加对植物地上部分生物量及全氮含量影响显著（P<0.05）,但对土壤全氮含量无显著影响;氮素的当季利用率在6.28%～26.82%之间,土壤残留率在16.06%～58.13%之间,损失率在15.05%～77.66%之间。试验表明高寒草甸中酰胺态是提高植物地上生物量、全氮含量及氮素利用率的最佳氮素形态。     

单颗粒示踪技术及其在动物病毒入侵机制研究中的应用

病毒入侵宿主细胞的分子机制十分复杂,是病毒学界的研究热点。单颗粒示踪技术能够直接观察单个病毒入侵细胞的动态行为,有助于解析病毒入侵宿主细胞的分子机制。综述单颗粒示踪技术用于病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的不同过程,有助于动物病毒入侵机制研究和新型抗病毒药物与疫苗的研发。文中主要论述单颗粒示踪技术的发展历程,介绍该技术用于病毒和细胞亚结构的标记方法和进展,以及单颗粒示踪技术在动物病毒入侵机制研究中的应用进展,并总结现阶段单颗粒示踪技术在病毒学发展中的优势和局限性。     

胶体金免疫技术在猪瘟诊断上的应用进展

胶体金免疫技术是一种新型免疫学检测技术.它具有简便、快速、特异性强、敏感性高、结果判断直观等优点.在猪瘟的快速诊断中得到了广泛应用,显示出了良好的应用前景.论文就胶体金免疫技术及其在猪瘟快速诊断上的应用现状及发展前景作一简要综述.     

犬传染性肝炎病毒的细胞质内发生途径

应用免疫金电子显微镜技术,研究了犬传染性肝炎病毒(ICHV)在犬肾传代细胞内的形态发生及抗原定位,发现ICHV除了在宿主细胞核内发生外,还有细胞质内发生途径.在细胞质内,病毒核壳体的装配以均质致密包涵体和副晶格包涵体为“基地”,这与细胞核内形态发生方式相似.免疫金标记显示,细胞质包涵体中含有大量的ICHV抗原成分,是核壳体在细胞质内装配的病毒结构蛋白来源.同时,在感染的细胞质内也观察到与细胞核内相同的病毒核心样结构.     

Differential acquisition of amino acid and peptide enantiomers within the soil microbial community and its implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil

l-isomeric amino acids and oligopeptides are thought to represent a key nitrogen (N) source for plants and soil microorganisms, bypassing the need to take up inorganic N, whilst self-cycling of d-enantiomers within peptidoglycan-containing bacteria may provide a further short circuit within the N cycle. Here we use stable isotope profiling (SIP) to identify the fate of organic N within soil microbial communities. We followed the incorporation of ¹³C-labelled d- or l-labelled amino acids/peptides into phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). l-alanine and its peptides were taken up more rapidly than d-enantiomers by Gram-positive bacteria with ¹³C incorporation being predominantly into anteiso- and iso-fatty acids typically associated with Gram-positive bacteria. d-enantiomer uptake was found not to differ significantly between the microbial groups, providing little support for the view that soil bacteria may self-cycle d-forms of amino acids and peptides. There was no consistent association between peptide chain length and incorporation. The concentrations of l- and d-isomeric amino acids in soil solution were 866 nM and 72 nM, respectively. We conclude that Gram-positive bacteria appear to be the primary competitors for l-enantiomeric forms of amino acids and their peptides, but that both d- and l-enantiomers are available N and C sources for bacteria and fungi.     

Distribution of 14C in Pulse-Labelled Spring Barley. Effect of Light Intensity and Length of Photoperiod Before Labelling

Abstract

The distribution of photoassimilated C in spring barley plants was determined at different times after the onset of light and at different light intensities during assimilation. The plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and at late tillering and late elongation, ¹⁴CO₂ pulse-labellings of 2 h duration were carried out 1.5, 4 or 8.5 h after the onset of light. At the labelling started after a 4 h photoperiod, two light intensities was included (80 and 170 W m^?2).

To analyse samples low in ¹⁴C, a ¹⁴CO₂-trapping system interfaced with a Leco high-temperature induction furnace was developed. The ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped directly in the scintillation vial in 5 mL of liquid Carbosorb, enabling subsequent liquid ¹⁴C-scintillation counting to take place without subsampling.

The proportion of photosynthate translocated below ground tended to be higher early in the morning than later in the day. Labelling 1.5 h after the onset of light, 19.8 and 7.6% was translocated below ground at late tillering and late elongation, respectively. Corresponding values found at later labellings were 15.4–16.0 and 6.0–6.4%.

Higher proportions tended to be translocated below ground when plants were exposed to low light intensity. Exposing plants to low light intensity caused below ground translocation to be 15.4 and 6.0% of the ¹⁴C recovered at late tillering and late elongation, respectively, compared with 12.1 and 5.2% after exposure to a higher light intensity. Further experiments are needed to substantiate the observations of this study. The results suggest that the distribution of photoassimilates varies during the daytime and light intensity during the labelling.     

Different rates of biochar application change 15N retention in soil and 15N utilization by maize

Biochar application to soil may impact soil nitrogen (N) dynamics, but the effects on N uptake and utilization by crop remain largely unknown, especially the effects of the rate of biochar application. To investigate the effects of biochar on soil ¹⁵N retention rate and ¹⁵N utilization efficiency (¹⁵NUE) by maize, a six-month ¹⁵N isotope tracer technique combined with in situ pot experiment was conducted in Mollisol. The experiment included four treatments: no biochar applied (CK) and biochar applied at the rates of 12 t ha⁻¹ (P12), 24 t ha⁻¹ (P24) and 48 t ha⁻¹ soil (P48). Compared with CK, biochar application reduced soil bulk density and ¹⁵N loss rate, and significantly improved total N and ¹⁵N retention amount in the 0–30 cm soil depth. The P24 treatment had the largest increase in ¹⁵N retention rate throughout the 0–40 cm depth. After biochar application, the ¹⁵N uptake and ¹⁵NUE were significantly increased in the grain and leaf, which promoted grain yields. Contrary to this, the P48 treatment appeared to lower ¹⁵N uptake and ¹⁵NUE compared with P12 and P24. In conclusion, biochar application improves the potential of the soil to retain N and the improvement in ¹⁵N uptake and utilization are more pronounced in maize leaves and grain. Moreover, biochar application promotes ¹⁵N utilization in maize plant and improves maize yield. However, when biochar application rate is high (i.e. P48 treatment), the ¹⁵N retention by the soil and ¹⁵N utilization by the maize are reduced markedly compared with P12 and P24.     

Direct Evidence that the Number and Location of Cysteine Residues affect Glutenin Polymer Structure

In this study, the possible roles of three well-characterised model prolamins in the structure of the glutenin macropolymer were examined. Model prolamins were labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and incorporated into the glutenin macropolymer of a base flour using a partial reduction-oxidation scheme. The effect of incorporation of the model prolamins on dough behaviour was determined by assessing differences in polymer size distribution, mixing properties, and distribution of the model prolamins in a dough after incorporation. Using this approach, the prolamins capable of forming inter-chain disulphide bonds were shown to be incorporated into the glutenin macroÍpolymer, while prolamins that were not capable of forming inter-chain disulphide bonds were retained as monomers. The distribution of fluorescently-labelled prolamins after their incorporation into the glutenin macropolymer of the dough was examined by confocal light scanning microscopy, in order to determine the possible roles of ω-gliadins and glutenin-like subunits with varied cysteine residue compositions in the structural organisation. The role of the model prolamins was a function of the disulphide-bonding capabilities of the polypeptides. Model ω-gliadins were retained as monomers and functioned as space fillers; model glutenin-like subunits containing a single cysteine residue incorporated into the glutenin macropolymer but functioned as chain terminators; and model glutenin-like subunits containing two cysteine residues incorporated into the glutenin macropolymer and acted as chain extenders.