高温对亚洲柑橘木虱死亡率和活动行为的影响

[目的]研究高温对亚洲柑橘木虱死亡率和活动行为的影响,为亚洲柑橘木虱的防治提供理论依据.[方法]在光照培养箱中模拟高温环境,研究40、42、44、45和46℃高温条件下亚洲柑橘木虱的死亡率;研究36~46℃逐渐升温对亚洲柑橘木虱活动行为的影响;在45℃下,研究不同光照对亚洲柑橘木虱死亡率的影响,以及36与45℃循环变温对亚洲柑橘木虱死亡率的影响.[结果]在40、42、44、45和46℃高温条件下50%亚洲柑橘木虱死亡时间(LT50)分别为138.038、17.140.、11.695、10.593和0.337 h;95%亚洲柑橘木虱死亡时间(LT9s)分别为181.970、26.978、18.843、14.718和0.500 h:在36~46℃逐渐升温过程中,亚洲柑橘木虱的活动逐渐增强;高温(45℃)条件下暗处理的LT50和LT9s分别为6.353和8.913 h,均小于正常光照处理的10.593和14.718 h,而36与45℃循环变温的LT50和LT95分别为13.740和18.967 h,均大于恒温处理的10.593和14.718 h.[结论]高温导致木虱种群生存时间缩减是亚洲柑橘木虱在高温季节出现种群消退现象的主要原因.     

Prophage region and short tandem repeats of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” reveal significant population structure in China

Whole-genome sequencing of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las) indicated some polymorphic gene regions enabling the molecular characterization of this bacterium. Although the population diversity of Las in China has been previously studied, no reports have used a combination of a prophage region and short tandem repeat (STR) loci for phylogenetic relationship characterization. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure of 667 Las strains from nine provinces in southern China using multiple genetic loci including three type-specific prophage loci, two STR loci, and a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) region. The results indicated that the genetic diversity varied according to the gene loci used. The prophage regions, including the MITEs, revealed significant genetic differences of Las populations in Yunnan and Guizhou from other provinces, while the STR loci only indicated a difference of Las population in Guizhou from those of other provinces. In particular, the Las population shown to be diverse in Jiangxi at the CLIBASIA_01215_STR locus was not diverse when measured using the other loci. Considering all loci, the Las populations from Yunnan and Guizhou were different, those from Guangdong and Guangxi were complex, while the Las population in Jiangxi was comparatively simple. Las populations from five neighbouring provinces, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, and Jiangxi were grouped in a big cluster. The Las population structure changed with age according to the prophage type. This study evaluated the method used for studying the molecular diversity of Las populations and provided more detailed information on the geographical origin and epidemic trend of Chinese Las populations.     

不同引物对检测柑桔黄龙病菌灵敏度比较

对目前常用的5对引物(fOI1/rOI2c、fOI2/r23S1、fA2/rJ5、fP535/rP535、fP400/rP400)检测柑桔黄龙病菌的灵敏度进行了比较。结果发现,不同引物对的检测灵敏度不同,5对引物检测灵敏度由高到低依次为:fP400/rP400>fP535/rP535>fA2/rJ5>fOI1/rOI2c>fOI2/r23S1;引物对fP400/rP400比广谱引物对fOI2/r23S1的灵敏度高近千倍。半巢式PCR及巢式PCR的检测灵敏度远高于常规PCR,可检测出接近极限浓度10-7ng/μL,二者没有明显的差别。因此,按照不同目的选择合适的检测引物非常重要,特别是当待测样品中的黄龙病菌浓度极低时,应选择高灵敏度的小片段特异性引物对。     

晚熟温州蜜柑NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的克隆及分析

为加深对柑橘黄龙病抗性机理的了解和为黄龙病抗性基因的克隆提供依据,根据已知植物抗病基因NBS-LRR保守结构域设计简并引物,以柑橘黄龙病抗性品种"晚熟温州蜜柑"为供试材料,对其基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定,结果共获得17条抗病基因同源序列(resistance gene analogs,RGAs),其在NCBI中的登录号为KJ019189~KJ019199,KR815564~KR815569。序列分析表明,这17个RGAs与甜橙、柚等柑橘属中推测的一些抗病蛋白基因或其他相关蛋白基因具有显著高的同源性。其中一些RGAs与拟南芥抗霜霉病RPP13基因、柑橘抗衰退病毒基因Ctv或烟草抗TMV基因N具有51.7%~79.0%的氨基酸序列同源性。依据论文结果,笔者认为,晚熟温州蜜柑中存在较丰富的NBS-LRR类抗病基因,但具体哪些病基因与抗黄龙病相关尚需进一步研究。     

Antifeedant and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

BACKGROUND: Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, transmits the causal bacteria of the devastating citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Because of the variation in spatial and temporal uptake and systemic distribution of imidacloprid applied to citrus trees and its degradation over time in citrus trees, ACP adults and nymphs are exposed to concentrations that may not cause immediate mortality but rather sublethal effects. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on ACP life stages. RESULTS: Feeding by ACP adults and nymphs on plants treated daily with a sublethal concentration (0.1 µg mL^?1) of imidacloprid significantly decreased adult longevity (8 days), fecundity (33%) and fertility (6%), as well as nymph survival (12%) and developmental rate compared with untreated controls. The magnitude of these negative effects was directly related to exposure duration and concentration. Furthermore, ACP adults that fed on citrus leaves treated systemically with lethal and sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid excreted significantly less honeydew (7–94%) compared with controls in a concentration‐dependent manner suggesting antifeedant activity of imidacloprid. CONCLUSIONS: Sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid negatively affect development, reproduction, survival and longevity of ACP, which likely contributes to population reductions over time. Also, reduced feeding by ACP adults on plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid may potentially decrease the capacity of ACP to successfully acquire and transmit the HLB causal pathogen. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

柑桔木虱防治研究进展

本文主要阐述了柑桔木虱的防治手段及研究进展。防治手段包括应用寄生蜂、瓢虫、虫生真菌等进行生物防治,施用广谱、低毒的杀虫剂如吡虫啉等新烟碱类农药,田间管理如种植规划、栽培管理等,以及培育无毒种苗等。最后探讨了柑桔木虱防治研究趋势,旨在为柑桔木虱及柑桔黄龙病的防治提供理论参考和技术支撑。     

柑桔根系接触与黄龙病传播关系的研究

黄龙病是柑桔最严重的传染性病害,其病原菌在病株地上各部位和根部均有分布,主要通过病芽嫁接和柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama进行传播。本文研究了黄龙病通过柑桔根部传病的可能性,结果表明,将感染黄龙病的红皮山桔苗与健康沙糖桔苗直接合种在一起,3年后健苗均没有发病;但是将病苗、健苗的侧根表面切除、相互连接绑缚合种在一起6个月后发现,30株健苗中有1株感染了黄龙病,9个月后感染数达到9株,12个月后为11株,感染率达36.67%,说明病树、健树根系直接交叉生长并不能传播黄龙病,但通过病根嫁接、病健苗的根系生长融合在一起则可以导致病原的传播,即病根嫁接与病芽嫁接一样具备传播黄龙病的能力,而且传播效率较高。     

湿度对田间自然热罩防治柑橘黄龙病的影响

比较加湿处理后热罩和自然条件下热罩对黄龙病的防治效果,结果表明自然条件处理后30 d叶片平均病菌浓度下降了85％以上,而加湿条件下叶片平均病菌浓度仅下降3.7％,与自然条件处理间差异达到显著水平;自然条件热罩处理后90 d叶片平均病菌浓度下降了97％以上,而加湿处理病树叶片平均病菌浓度下降了38％,与自然条件处理间的差异达到极显著水平。对照组叶片平均病菌浓度处理后30 d和90 d均有略微增加;加湿未热罩处理叶片平均病菌浓度在处理后30 d和90 d分别增加了4.5倍和8.7倍,但与对照组无显著差异。本研究结果表明加湿热罩处理病树显著减弱了其杀灭黄龙病菌效果,同时表明增加土壤湿度对黄龙病菌繁殖可能具有一定的促进作用。