Blood thiamine levels in clinically normal goats and goats with suspected polioencephalomalacia

Abstract

AIMS: To identify and describe culture and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in bacteria isolated from canine urinary samples submitted to a New Zealand veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

METHODS: Records from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory were examined for bacterial isolates cultured from canine urine samples between January 2005 and December 2012. Culture and susceptibility results were compiled with information on the age, sex and breed of dog. Repeat submissions were removed. Susceptibility was assessed using results of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, for a standard panel including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), cefovecin (from 2010–2012), cephalothin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphonamide (TMS).

RESULTS: A total of 5,786 urine samples were submitted for analysis, and 3,135 bacterial isolates were cultured from 2,184 samples. Of these 3,135 isolates, 1,104 (35.2%) were Escherichia coli, 442 (14.1%) were Staphylococcus spp., 357 (11.4%) Proteus mirabilis and 276 (8.8%) were Enterococcus spp. The frequency of culture-positive samples increased with increasing age in both female and male dogs (p<0.001). The percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to AMC and cephalothin increased between 2005 and 2012 (p<0.001), as did resistance to enrofloxacin (p=0.022), but there was no change in resistance to TMS (p=0.696). Enrofloxacin was the antimicrobial with the least resistance shown by the four most common bacteria isolated during the course of the study.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study provide important regional information regarding the prevalence of bacterial uropathogens and their susceptibility patterns. There was an increase in resistance to some commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Having access to regional antimicrobial susceptibility results is crucial when forming guidelines for the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Given changes in practising habits and antimicrobial usage over time, ongoing monitoring and surveillance of resistance in pathogens is needed.     

Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) are the new natural definitive hosts of Metagonimus hakubaensis

The definitive hosts of Metagonimus hakubaensis are reported to be hamsters, rats, mice, dogs, cats, chickens, and quails in experimental infection and Japanese water shrews in natural infection. Here we report that raccoon dogs are new natural definitive hosts of M. hakubaensis, based on morphological and molecular analyses of Metagonimus flukes collected from the host species from Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Moreover, M. hakubaensis recovered from raccoon dogs showed higher fecundity than those recovered from Japanese water shrews. Therefore, raccoon dogs were considered as a more suitable natural definitive host of M. hakubaensis than Japanese water shrews.     

我国春玉米区弯孢叶斑病菌生理分化初步研究

利用鉴别寄主技术对黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省和河北省玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的生理分化进行研究。结果表明,20个菌株的致病性分为5种类型,其中强和中等致病类型主要分布在辽宁省的瓦房店、吉林省的公主岭和河北省的保定市。     

裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其寄主范围和侵染条件

近年来,在甘肃省武威地区裸仁美洲南瓜发生了一种叶枯病,采用常规组织分离法对罹病组织进行了病原菌分离培养,以及病原菌的形态、分离培养性状观察和致病性测定.结果表明,引起裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病的致病菌为瓜链格孢Alternaria cucumerina(E11.et Ev.)E11iott.寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌可侵染所有供试葫芦科植物,其中南瓜、西葫芦和甜瓜发病最严重;丝瓜和苦瓜发病较轻;该病原菌还可引起白菜和菜豆发病.温度和保湿时间对病原菌的侵染影响较大,25～30℃温度范围内最易侵染,病害潜育期仅为2～3天;当保湿时间60h时,病叶率达到88%,而保湿时间为6h时,病叶率仅为8%.南瓜不同品种对叶枯病的抗性差异较大,其中二星、天然、光板1号、无壳(李建民)和金无壳为高抗品种;四星、粒赛金、金大地、郑峰光板、日本南瓜为高感品种.     

广西园林菟丝子发生危害情况调查与分析

【目的】明确广西园林植物种类及菟丝子寄主、种类和分布,掌握其发生危害规律,为园林菟丝子防控提供科学依据。【方法】2011-2013年,每年4-10月,以南宁市为中心选择16个有代表性市（县）进行园林树木及地被植物感染菟丝子实地调查,记录不同树木感染菟丝子种类、生育期、危害的植物学特征及程度,计算感染率和危害指数。【结果】调查鉴定广西园林树木88种,其中菟丝子寄主62种,发生率达70.45%,62种寄主分属39科,51属,其中桑科最多有6种,其次是豆科、大戟科各5种。广西分布有3种菟丝子,分别为日本菟丝子、中国菟丝子和大花菟丝子,还有一种无根藤,它们分别分布在16、9、7和5个市（县）,寄主分别达到38、20、15、11种,分别占寄主的61.29%、32.25%、24.19%和17.74%。南宁市和防城港市菟丝子种类分布最多,3种菟丝子和无根藤均有感染。中国菟丝子主要以种子繁殖危害,每年3月下旬开始萌芽侵染为害,日本菟丝子、大花菟丝子及无根藤主要以藤茎繁殖危害,4月初开始生长,11月果实成熟。寄主危害指数较高的园林树木依次是八月桂、福建茶、龙船花、黄素梅、小叶榕、非洲茉莉,危害指数达4.01-5.48,属于易感树木。【结论】调查鉴定广西园林树木88种,其中菟丝子及无根藤寄主共62种,分属39科,51属;广西分布有3种菟丝子,分别为日本菟丝子、中国菟丝子、大花菟丝子,还有一种无根藤,其中日本菟丝子为优势种类,为重点防控对象。每年4-10月是菟丝子及无根藤主要侵染危害期,也是防除的重点时期。     

蜱传性疾病--莱姆病螺旋体研究进展

莱姆病是一种蜱传性人兽共患病,在我国北方各省广泛流行,其病原体为伯氏疏螺旋体。莱姆病可使皮肤、心脏、关节和神经系统等多种组织器官受损。本文综述了莱姆病螺旋体的形态、种下分类、生化特征、传播媒介和贮存宿主等方面的研究进展"     

甘草叶斑病的发生与病原菌鉴定

近年来,在甘肃省兰州市及渭源地区甘草产区发现一种甘草新病害—甘草叶斑病。2006－2008年对其发病情况进行了调查,甘草叶斑病在6月下旬开始发病,9月中旬为发病高峰期,发病率达80%。高燥地发病率低于低洼地,采用轮作可减轻甘草叶斑病的发生。经过对甘草叶斑病病原菌形态、培养性状和致病性等方面的测定表明,病原菌为豆链格孢（Alternaria azukiae）。通过寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌亦可侵染独活、羌活等药用植物。对大黄、苍耳等不具侵染性。     

中国水稻主产区白叶枯病菌致病型分析及近等基因系鉴别寄主的构建

【目的】分析中国不同稻区白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）致病型,建立近等基因系鉴别寄主,为白叶枯病菌群体结构田间实时准确监测、抗性品种应用以及抗病育种提供科学依据。【方法】利用中国鉴别寄主、IR24以及15个抗白叶枯病近等基因系等共21个鉴别寄主,采用人工剪叶接种方法,对2018—2021年采自广东、广西、海南、浙江、湖南、辽宁、云南共7个省（自治区）的954个单菌落分离菌株进行致病型测定,探明白叶枯病菌致病型种类、分布及毒性分化;基于测试菌株与15个近等基因系及IR24的抗感互作,应用主成分因子分析法,开展近等基因系与病菌互作的变量因子分析,构建白叶枯病菌致病型近等基因系鉴别寄主;基于抗病基因与测试菌株的抗感反应,分析抗病基因聚合效应。【结果】954个测试菌株在中国鉴别寄主上鉴定出11个致病型,包括SRRRR（I）、SSRRR（Ⅱ）、SSSRR（Ⅲ）、SSSSR（Ⅳ）、SSRRS（V）、SRSRR（Ⅵ）、SSSSS（Ⅸ）、SSSRS（新型1）、SRSRS（新型2）、SRSSS（新型3）以及SSRSS（新型4）,占测试菌株的比率分别为11.53％、4.82％、7.34％、6.18％、7.23％、1.05%、59.96％、1.57%、0.10%、0.10%、0.10%。Ⅸ型菌作为致病性最广的强毒菌系已上升为华南和长江中下游湖南和浙江稻区的优势致病型,西南稻区的云南以Ⅳ型菌为主,东北稻区的辽宁以I型菌为主。15个水稻抗白叶枯病近等基因系对954个菌株的抗感性分析结果表明,测试的15个近等基因系可分为5种类型,第Ⅰ类为高感基因系,包括IRBB1、IRBB2、IRBB10、IRBB11、IRBB4;第Ⅱ类为中感基因系,包括IRBB3、IRBB203、IRBB14;第Ⅲ类为中抗基因系,包括IRBB8、IRBB13;第Ⅳ类为抗病基因系,有IRBB21;第Ⅴ类为高抗基因系,包括IRBB5、IRBB7、CBB23、GDBB23;测试菌株中,出现可侵染抗病基因xa5的有42个、Xa7的有34个、Xa23的有31个。对以白叶枯病近等基因系为主的16个品种（系）与954个菌株组成的抗感互作变量数据矩阵进行因子分析,以解释总变量>85.0%为界,提取出8个主成分因子,组建了以近等基因系为主的10个品种(系)组成白叶枯病菌近等基因系鉴别寄主,按其对变量方差贡献大小,这些寄主分别为IRBB10（Xa10）、IRBB4（Xa4）、GDBB23（Xa23）、IRBB5（xa5）、IRBB7（Xa7）、IRBB21（Xa21）、IR24（Xa18）、IRBB13（xa13）、IRBB3（Xa3）、金刚30;新鉴别寄主可将954个测试菌株划分为55个致病型,对测试稻区的白叶枯病菌菌株表现出较好的鉴别力。基因聚合联合抗性分析表明,不同抗病基因聚合对病菌的抗性频率有一定的提升,不同抗病基因对测试菌株的抗性具有一定的互补性。【结论】监测稻区的白叶枯病菌系趋向多样化,毒性分化明显,强毒菌系Ⅸ型菌在部分稻区已上升为优势致病型,侵染xa5、Xa7及Xa23等广谱抗性基因的菌株有上升趋势;抗病基因聚合可拓宽品种对病原菌系的抗性谱,是培育广谱抗性品种的有效途径;近等基因系鉴别寄主的建立与应用可为白叶枯病发生流行的精准监测以及田间实时预警提供技术支撑。     

Evidence for selection pressure from resistant potato genotypes but not from fungicide application within a clonal Phytophthora infestans population

Insight into pathogen population dynamics provides a key input for effective disease management of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Phytophthora infestans populations vary from genetically complex to more simple with a few clonal lineages. The presence or absence of certain strains of P. infestans may impact the efficacy of fungicides or host resistance. Current evidence indicates that genetically, the Irish populations of P. infestans are relatively simple with a few clonal lineages. In this study, P. infestans populations were genetically characterized based on samples collected at the national centre for potato breeding during the period 2012–16. The dominance of clonal lineages within this P. infestans population was confirmed and the potential selection pressure of fungicide treatment (2013–15) and host resistance (2016) on this clonal P. infestans population was then investigated. It was found that fungicide products did not notably affect the genetic structure of sampled populations relative to samples from untreated control plants. In contrast, samples taken from several resistant potato genotypes were found to be more often of the EU_13_A2 lineage than those taken from control King Edward plants or potato genotypes with low resistance ratings. Resistant potato varieties Sarpo Mira and Bionica, containing characterized R genes, were found to strongly select for EU_13_A2 strains.     

鸭大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及药物敏感性分析

分析鸭大肠杆菌的耐药性与超广谱β-内酰胺酶的关系,为临床相关感染的治疗提供理论依据。采用CLSI推荐的初步筛选试验和表型确证试验方法,检测了临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的情况,用微量稀释法测定了环丙沙星等9种抗菌药对其的抗菌活性。临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌中,有4株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶,检出率为33%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的菌株对多种药物耐药,对氟喹诺酮类药物之间产生交叉耐药,对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类产生多重耐药性,产酶菌的耐药性明显大于非产酶菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶是鸭大肠杆菌对抗菌药物产生耐药性的主要机制之一。