Australian Uromyces viciae-fabae: Host and nonhost interaction among cultivated grain legumes

Uromyces viciae-fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae-fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae-fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species.     

番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus)的新寄主:水茄(Solanum torvum Swartz)

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a plant virus that is mainly propagated by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent and non-circulative manner.It has a wide range of host plants,and has been reported in many countries,causing serious economic losses in vegetable production.In 2019,we investigated about 10 fields,one ha each in Shouguang,Shandong province (China),and in each field we observed symptoms of interveinal chlorosis on lower leaves of the Solanum torvum Swartz,and a large number of B.tabaci gathered on the back of its leaves.To determine the presence of ToCV,total RNA of S.torvum was extracted followed by RT-PCR.The 1 074 (GenBank accessions number MN545620) and 466 bp (GenBank accessions number MN545621) fragments were gel purified and sequenced.The sequences shared 99.44% and 99.57% similarity with ToCV reference sequence tomato chlorosis virus segment RNA1 (AY903447) and RNA2 (AY903448).The results of insect transmission test confirmed that ToCV can spread from S. torvum to tomato.This study confirms S.torvum as a newly reported host of ToCV.     

露地栽培番茄斑萎病毒病发生流行规律调查及TSWV重要寄主植物监测

为明确云南省昆明市露地栽培条件下番茄斑萎病毒病的发生流行特征,于2014—2015年采用病害系统调查法结合病毒ELISA及RT-PCR检测方法研究露地栽培条件下由番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)引起的病毒病发生规律及其重要寄主种类,并研究利用防虫网隔离蓟马对番茄斑萎病毒病的防控效果。结果表明:番茄斑萎病毒病在露地番茄主要种植期3—10月普遍发生,番茄苗期和移栽初期是该病毒病防控的关键期,带毒种苗调运是该病毒病的主要传播途径;田间多种茄科和菊科植物是TSWV的重要中间寄主。在田间,菊科寄主植物油麦菜、莴苣、鬼针草、牛膝菊上TSWV的检出率均较高,在42.53%～81.63%之间;茄科寄主植物中辣椒上TSWV的检出率最高,为41.99%,其次为马铃薯,TSWV检出率为27.78%,在番茄上TSWV的检出率为19.02%,因此生产中应对这些TSWV重要中间寄主给予更多关注和防控。应用防虫网能有效隔离蓟马,使番茄斑萎病毒病发病率和病情指数较对照分别降低了6.44个百分点和5.31,可有效降低番茄苗期及定植期斑萎病毒病的发生。     

花椒窄吉丁对寄主果实挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

使用触角电位仪测定花椒窄吉丁两性成虫对10种寄主果实挥发物的触角电位（EAG）反应,使用Y型嗅觉计测定其对8种强烈EAG反应的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:1）寄主果实的10种挥发物均可引起花椒窄吉丁不同程度的EAG反应,100 μg·μL^-1时胡椒酮和正葵醛分别引起雌虫和雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值,d-柠檬烯、月桂烯在100 μg·μL^-1时引起雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值;然而在10 μg·μL^-1时引起雌虫的EAG反应绝对值最大。10种挥发物中,花椒窄吉丁对（±）-α-乙酸松油酯和罗勒烯的EAG反应相对较弱。2）配对T检验发现仅反式-2-己烯醛对两性成虫的EAG反应存在极显著的性别差异(P＜0.01),而所测的其他挥发物对两性成虫的EAG反应不存在性别差异(P＞0.05)。3）1~100 μg·μL^-1的芳樟醇对雄虫驱避显著,10~100 μg·μL^-1的正葵醛对两性成虫均驱避显著,1~10 μg·μL^-1的胡椒酮、10~100 μg·μL^-1的γ-松油烯对雌虫驱避显著(P＜0.05),10~100 μg·μL^-1的月桂烯、0.1~1 μg·μL^-1的d-柠檬烯对雄虫引诱显著。雄虫对1~100 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著;雌虫仅对10 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著,反式-2-己烯-1-醇在0.1~1 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫驱避显著;但在10~100 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫引诱显著。说明一定浓度的月桂烯、d-柠檬烯、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有引诱作用,一定浓度的芳樟醇、正葵醛、胡椒酮、γ-松油烯、反式-2-己烯醛、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有驱避作用,可作为引诱剂或驱虫剂成分进一步开发利用。     

南美斑潜蝇对不同茄子品种的选择性及其机理的研究

采用自由选择法测定了南美斑潜蝇对茄子不同品种的选择性.结果表明,南美斑潜蝇选择性最强的茄子品种为星技紫龙,其对星技紫龙的选择性与对短把黑圆茄、蒙茄4号、湘早茄、黑又亮808等品种的选择性存在显著差异,而与万吨早茄、快圆茄、呼茄2号、茄杂之号、紫红茄等品种差异不显著.测定结果表明,茄子不同品种间的叶毛数、可溶性蛋白质及糖含量存在显著差异.相关分析表明,南美斑潜蝇对茄子品种的寄主选择性与其叶毛数存在显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.7712（p=0.0054）,而与叶片的蛋白质及可溶性糖含量相关关系不显著.     

寄主植物对青花菜上桃蚜试验种群的影响

研究了桃蚜对10种寄主植物的选择性以及青花菜、小白菜、油麦菜对桃蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响,并以作用因子组建3种寄主上桃蚜试验种群生命表.结果表明,芥菜、结球甘蓝、小白菜和青花莱为桃蚜的嗜好寄主;桃蚜在油麦菜上的发育历期较长,而产仔量较少;小白菜、青花菜上桃蚜种群趋势指数较大,分别为27.82和26.63,较适合桃蚜种群增长,油麦菜上桃蚜种群趋势指教较小,为16.82,对桃蚜种群增长有一定的抑制作用.     

寄主植物对棉铃虫体内解毒酶活性的影响

通过离体酶活性测定 ,研究取食小麦、豌豆等寄主植物和人工饲料对棉铃虫羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明取食不同寄主植物的棉铃虫体内羧酸酯酶活性不仅存在量的差异 ,而且存在质的差异 ,寄主植物对棉铃虫谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有显著影响     

串珠镰刀菌的营养体亲和性

利用氯酸盐对串珠镰刀菌菌株进行诱变并获得ｎｉｔ突变体,所获得突变体中,以ｎｉｔＡ比例最高。采用ｎｉｔ突变体互补型配对技术,测定分离自水稻、玉米、棉花及大豆植物上串珠镰刀菌的营养体亲和群。结果显示,１５７个菌株分属于７１个营养体亲和群;不同群体间的菌株仅测出玉米田群体内的一个菌株和大豆田群体内的两个菌株属于同一个营养体亲和群,其它群体间的菌株则分属不同的营养技术亲和群。菌株ＳＡ１８经抗药性诱变、连续     

稻瘟病菌生理小种离体接种鉴定和致病性人工诱变研究

稻瘟病菌品种专化性致病型（即生理小种）严重分化,给抗病育种及病害控制带来了许多困难。因此研究其生理小种变化是目前发展所必需。本试验对稻瘟病菌生理小种的致病性人工诱变研究前期工作进行了探讨,并初步掌握了产孢的技术、水稻离体培养和接种技术、菌株诱变的条件以及获得致病性突变菌株。