干旱对不同抗旱性冬小麦旗叶光合及主茎干物质转运的影响

以冬小麦品种长武134(抗旱性强)和陕253(抗旱性弱)为材料,研究干旱对旗叶净光合速率和叶绿素含量、主茎及其组成节间花前积累干物质的转运及其对穗粒重贡献的影响.结果表明,干旱条件下长武134主茎穗粒重降幅小于陕253;干旱缩短了小麦花后旗叶光合速率高值持续期(PAD)和叶绿素含量缓降期(RSP),长武134受影响程度较小.长武134除穗下节外,其余各节间及茎杆干物质转运量及对籽粒贡献率降幅均大于陕253;干旱提高了陕253穗下节和倒二节干物质转运率,降低了倒三节和下部节干物质转运率,茎杆干物质转运率无明显变化;长武134除穗下节外其余各节间及茎杆干物质转运率均明显低于对照,而且距离穗部越远的节位降低幅度越大.上述结果表明,干旱条件下不同节位干物质转运能力变化与距离穗远近有关,花前茎杆干物质转运并不能补偿籽粒产量的损失,花后旗叶光合功能期延长是小麦抗旱高产的主要原因.     

持久抗条锈病小麦品种抗性特点及其在我国的利用价值

对18个国际上已经报道的可能具有持久抗小麦条锈病的品种进行苗期、 成株期和温敏微效 基 因抗性的测定与分析结果表明, 大部分持久抗性品种虽然在苗期感病, 但绝大部分在成株 期表现出了较强的抗病性, 苗期表现抗病的品种成株期也表现抗病。 成株抗病基因和温敏 微效基因所决定的抗性是成株期较高抗性水平的重要组成部分     

基于Penman-Monteith方程的节水灌溉稻田蒸散量模型

为利用Penman-Monteith方程直接计算非充分灌溉条件下的稻田蒸散量,该文根据国家“863”节水农业重大专项试验资料,在K-P表层阻抗模型修正研究基础上,提出改进的稻田蒸散量模拟模型。结果表明：根据土壤相对含水率修正后的K-P模型较好地模拟了水稻表层阻抗,且反映出不同土壤水分状况下表层阻抗的变化规律;采用改进的Penman-Monteith方程模拟水分胁迫条件下的稻田蒸散量后,误差从改进前的18.57%降低至10.84%,且对冠层未完全覆盖条件下的稻田蒸散量也具有较好的模拟效果;土壤含水率、空气温度和空气湿度是改进的Penman-Monteith方程最为敏感的因子,它们的准确观测对于提高模型的估算精度至关重要;模型回归系数（c1、c0）的变化对模型估算结果的影响较小。表明当某一特定作物的回归系数值确定后,改进的Penman-Monteith方程可应用于不同地区、不同灌溉模式下作物蒸发蒸腾量的估算。     

人工合成gna基因在小麦中的表达及其抗蚜虫效果研究

利用经密码子优化的、人工合成雪花莲凝集素(Galanthusnivalisagglutinin),gna基因及RbcS启动子构建了高效特异表达载体pBAC202,通过基因枪轰击小麦幼胚和幼穗,将外源gna基因导入到3个高产小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)品种中,获得42个转基因后代株系。对转基因后代植株进行了DNA点杂交、PCR及PCR-Southern验证,确认外源gna基因已成功地整合到小麦基因组中。进一步的凝集素活性检测表明,小麦叶片中表达的凝集素可使红细胞凝集,并具有正常的生物学活性。转基因植株在人工饲养条件下进行抗蚜虫(Rhopalosiphumpadi)试验,蚜口密度抑制率从19%～73%不等,部分株系抑虫效果较好。利用转基因的方式可将外源抗虫基因gna导入到小麦中,并可有效地增强小麦的抗蚜能力,为选育具抗虫特性的优质小麦提供新的途径。     

New Wild Lactuca Genetic Resources with Resistance Against Bremia lactucae

A total of 1027 genotypes of wild Lactuca spp. (L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. aculeata), originating from Israel, Jordan, East Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, China, and various other countries in Europe were screened for resistance to the lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). The genotypes of L. serriola (N = 962); L. saligna (N = 43); and L. aculeata (N = 22) were tested at the seedling stage with two isolates of B. lactucae (race Bl-21 and Isr-74) isolated from cultivated lettuce in Italy and Israel, respectively. Altogether, the isolates possess virulence against 17 out of 20 Dm genes/R-factors composing the established differential set of lettuce lines/varieties. They could therefore be used for preliminary detection of the presence of new resistance factors. A total of 83 and three genotypes of L. serriola and L. saligna, respectively, were resistant to infection by each of the two isolates alone as well as to the infection by a mix of the two isolates. These genotypes probably carry previously unknown resistance, and therefore could be suitable for exploitation by breeders and further detailed research. The wild progenitor of lettuce, L. serriola, and related species harbor significant untapped genetic resources for lettuce improvement.     

葡萄籽提取物对采后猕猴桃青霉病的抑制效果与机理

为探讨葡萄籽提取物(GSE)对采后猕猴桃接种青霉菌后青霉病的防治效果,本试验以贵长猕猴桃为试材,通过测定猕猴桃果实发病率、病斑直径以及与果实抗病相关物质的含量和防御相关酶的活性,研究GSE对采后猕猴桃果实青霉菌的作用效果。结果表明,GSE处理延迟了猕猴桃在损伤接种扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)后果实发病率的上升,抑制了果实病斑直径的扩大。同时,GSE处理极显著提高了猕猴桃果实总酚和总类黄酮含量,降低了膜降解标志性代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)含量以及脂氧合酶(LOX)活性,提高了猕猴桃果实几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。接种扩展青霉后,接种前期GSE处理显著提高了果实的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,接种后期GSE处理显著提高了苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)活性。综上,GSE处理通过激活抗氧化防御代谢从而提高了猕猴桃果实对青霉病的抗性。本研究为利用GSE防治青霉病研究提供了理论指导和技术参考。     

喷施钾钙硅制剂改善高温胁迫水稻叶片光合性能提高产量

为探明喷施钾、钙和硅制剂对高温热害下水稻光合作用及产量的调控效应,以水稻品种陵两优268为研究对象,持续3 d对叶片分别喷施22.04 mmol/L KH2PO4溶液(T1)、20.0 mmol/L CaCl2溶液(T2)和2.5 mmol/L Na2Si O3·9H 2O溶液(T3),以喷施蒸馏水为对照(CK),测定了3种制剂预处理后对高温胁迫(日均气温35℃)下水稻剑叶光合、荧光参数和产量的影响,并用隶属函数法综合评价了钾、钙和硅制剂处理的水稻剑叶光合作用抗高温能力。结果表明:喷施钾、钙、硅制剂均能提高高温胁迫下水稻的产量,T1、T2和T3分别比CK增产42.67%、29.70%和20.01%(P0.05)。与CK相比,在高温胁迫处理第5 d和高温结束后的第5 d,喷施钾、钙、硅制剂皆可提高水稻剑叶光饱和点、最大净光合速率(Pmax)(P0.05)、光适应下光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv?/Fm?)(P0.05)、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低非光化学猝灭系数(non-photochemical quenching coefficient, NPQ)(P0.05),叶片光合活性高;钾、钙、硅制剂对提高水稻剑叶光合性能抗高温的能力大小依次为T1T2T3,以喷施22.04mmol/LKH2PO4溶液效果最好,喷施20.0 mmol/L CaCl2溶液次之。     

干旱胁迫对3种针茅种子萌发期抗旱性影响的研究

以采自宁夏回族自治区云雾山的本氏针茅、大针茅和克氏针茅种子为研究材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了干旱胁迫对3种针茅种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,随着PEG浓度的增加,3种针茅种子的发芽率、活力指数、幼苗的鲜重和抗旱指数均呈下降趋势。其大针茅下降趋势最为明显(p<0.05),而低浓度PEG(5%PEG)对本氏针茅的萌发及生长有一定促进作用。低浓度PEG克氏针茅的发芽率以及幼苗鲜重与对照差异不显著,表明克氏针茅有一定的抗旱性。PEG对幼苗生长的抑制效应比幼根大。3种针茅种子萌发期的抗旱能力依次为:本氏针茅>克氏针茅>大针茅。     

Evaluation of a combined penetrometer for simultaneous measurement of penetration resistance and soil water content

A combined penetrometer is an appropriate tool to measure the soil cone resistance and the water‐content profile. As a relatively new technique, a combined capacitance‐penetrometer for the simultaneous measurement of cone index and soil water content was developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Bonn University in 2002. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness and applicability of the innovated penetrometer with a focus on three aspects: (1) A capacitance sensor with two electrode configurations was calibrated for silt loam, sandy loam, and sand. The calibration results show that both electrode configurations have sufficient water‐content sensitivity, but soil‐specific calibrations seem necessary. (2) Under laboratory conditions, the dynamic resolution and response of the capacitance‐penetrometer were validated, and its radius of influence was determined. (3) The field measurement results demonstrate that this measurement technique can be used to improve the interpretation quality of soil cone index data.     

Suppression of root-knot disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in tomato: importance of bacterial secondary metabolite, 2,4-diacetylpholoroglucinol

The antimicrobial metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and pyoluteorin contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 to control plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. P. fluorescens strain CHA0 and its derivatives CHA89 (antibiotics-deficient) and CHA0/pME3424 (antibiotics overproducing) were investigated as potential biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne javanica the root-knot nematode. Exposure of root-knot nematode to culture filtrates of P. fluorescens under in vitro conditions significantly reduced egg hatch and caused substantial mortality of M. javanica juveniles. Nutrient broth yeast extract (NBY) medium amended with 2% (w/v) glucose or 1 mM EDTA markedly repressed hatch inhibition activity of the strain CHA0 but not that of CHA0/pME3424 or CHA89. On the other hand, NBY medium amended with glucose significantly enhanced nematicidal activity of the strain CHA0/pME3424. Neither glucose nor EDTA had an influence on the nematicidal activity of the strains CHA0 and CHA89. Under in vitro conditions, antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA0 expressed phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene but strain CHA89 did not. Expression of the reporter gene reflects actual production of DAPG. In general, CHA0/pME3424 expressed reporter gene to a greater extent compared to its wild type counterpart CHA0. Regardless of the bacterial strains, reporter gene expression was markedly enhanced when NBY medium was amended with glucose but EDTA had no such effect. A positive correlation between the degree of juvenile mortality and extent of phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene expression was also observed in vitro. Strain CHA0 produced zones of 4-6 mm on MM medium containing gelatin while strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA89 did not. When MM medium containing gelatin was amended with 2% glucose of 1 mM EDTA size of haloes produced by the strain CHA0 reduced to 2 mm. Under glasshouse conditions aqueous cell suspension of the strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 at various inoculum levels (10⁷, 10⁸ or 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹) significantly reduced root-knot development. CHA89 caused significant reduction in galling when applied at 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹. To better understand the mechanism of nematode suppression, split root bioassay was performed. Split-root experiments, that guarantee a spatial separation of inducing agent and a challenging pathogen, showed that soil treatment of one half of the root system with cell suspension of CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 resulted in a significant systemic induced resistance leading to reduction of M. javanica infection of tomato roots in the non-baterized nematode treated half. The results clearly suggest that the antibiotic 2,4-DAPG from P. fluorescens CHA0 act as the inducing agents of systemic resistance in tomato roots. Populations of CHA0 and its derivatives declined progressively by 10-fold between first and fourth harvests (0-21 days after inoculation). However, bacterial populations increased at final harvest (28 days after application).