Top Dressing of Feed with Desiccated Chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans for Biological Control of the Pre-Parasitic Stages of Ovine Haemonchus contortus

Feeding trials were conducted with stall-fed sheep parasitized with Haemonchus contortus. For 10 days they were offered 250 g of a concentrate feed that had been top-dressed with desiccated chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans at 1×10⁵, 5×10⁵, 1×10⁶ or 2×10⁶ chlamydospores/kg body weight. Pooled faeces from each group on day 7 of spore feeding were spread on different pasture plots. On day 28 after the start of spore feeding, further pooled faeces from each group were spread on the same plots. The larval burdens on the plots were monitored for 2 months and the larval harvest from in vitro faecal cultures were monitored regularly. The application of 1×10⁶ or more spores/kg body weight virtually eliminated larvae from both the pasture and the faecal cultures. The application of as few as 1×10⁵ spores/kg body weight had a profound impact on larval recovery. The effect persisted while the spores were being fed but not for more than 4 days following discontinuation of spore feeding. Top dressing supplementary feed with dried chlamydospores offers a potential way of using D. flagrans for biological control of the pre-parasitic stages of H. contortus.     

甘肃瑞香提取物对菜粉蝶幼虫生物活性的影响

为探明甘肃瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性,以甘肃瑞香的全株、叶、茎皮、茎木质部、根皮和根木质部为研究对象,以甲醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、氯仿、苯和石油醚为溶剂,采用索氏法提取其活性成分,明确其最佳的杀虫活性部位和提取溶剂.结果表明:在干粉100mg/mL的质量浓度下,各溶剂瑞香全株的提取物均对菜粉蝶幼虫表现出明显的拒食、胃毒和触杀作用,其中苯的提取效果最好,其粗提物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫24h的拒食率为92.29%,胃毒作用的LD50为19.56μg/头,7d后触杀作用的LD50为52.56μg/头.甘肃瑞香不同部位的苯提取物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫均表现出明显的拒食、胃毒和触杀作用,其活性部位表现为甘肃瑞香叶>根皮>茎皮>茎木质部>根木质部.甘肃瑞香叶粗提物杀虫活性最高,其粗提物对菜粉蝶5龄幼虫24h的拒食率为94.59%,胃毒作用的LD50为8.47μg/头;7d后触杀作用的LD50为50.41μg/头.     

三眼叶养小蚕试验

利用三眼叶养小蚕,既能节约用工,又能使春季桑叶增产,还能早养春蚕避免春蚕后期高温逼熟,又可缓和农忙矛盾。利用芷芯芽和标准嫩叶片养小蚕,经过F检验蚕体重和小蚕遗失率无显著差异,说明在北方蚕区是可行的。     

Modelling the transport of particles in the North Sea with reference to sandeel larvae

The transport of particles representing sandeel larvae in the North Sea is simulated with a three-dimensional circulation model for the years 1976 to 1990. A great year-to-year variability in drift patterns is demonstrated. The results may explain some of the observed differences in recruitment between the main sandeel areas in the North Sea. In the northern sandeel area it seems that strong year classes are unlikely if the retention due to unfavourable currents is poor, and that a high retention in the summer may favour a good year class. In the southern sandeel area no clear coupling between year class strength and larval drift is found, possibly because the retention always seems large enough for a potentially good year class. For more quantitative use of such models in relation to sandeel recruitment, more biological knowledge is obviously needed on larval vertical distribution and timing of sandeel hatching and settling.     

Trypsin enzyme activity during larval development of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed on live feeds

Larval stages of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were fed standard live diets of mixed microalgae from the first to the third protozoea (PZ1 to PZ3), followed by Artemia nauplii until post‐larvae 1 (PL1). Trypsin enzyme activity for each larval stage was determined using N‐α‐p‐toluenesulphonyl‐l ‐arginine methyl ester (TAME) as a substrate. Results were expressed as enzyme content to assess ontogenetic changes during larval development. Tissue trypsin content (IU µg^?1 DW for each larval stage) was significantly highest at the PZ1 stage and declined through subsequent stages to PL1. This contrasts with previously observed patterns of trypsin development in Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus) and other penaeid genera, which exhibit a peak in trypsin activity at the third protozoea/first mysis (PZ3/M1) larval stage. Litopenaeus vannamei larvae transferred to a diet of Artemia at the beginning of the second protozoea (PZ2) stage were significantly heavier on reaching the first mysis stage (M1) than those fed algae, while survival was not significantly different between treatments. At both PZ2 and PZ3 stages, trypsin content in larvae feeding on Artemia was significantly lower than in those feeding on algae. The rapid decline in trypsin content from PZ1 and the flexible enzyme response from PZ2 suggest that L. vannamei is physiologically adapted to transfer to a more carnivorous diet during the mid‐protozoeal stages.     

基于形态与分子数据鉴定苹果异胫小卷蛾

采用DNA条形码技术,对珠海出入境检验检疫局从南非进口的鲜橙和鲜葡萄中截获的3头卷蛾幼虫进行分子鉴定,采用通用引物LC01490/HC02198对其线粒体C0I基因的部分序列进行PCR扩增和测序,并与GenBank数据库和DNA条形码数据库BOLDSYSTEMS v3中的已知序列比对,结果与GenBank中20条苹果异胫小卷蛾的序列同源性达99％以上,与BOLDSYSTEMS v3中46条苹果异胫小卷蛾的序列同源性达99％.结合幼虫的形态特征,综合判定该幼虫为苹果异胫小卷蛾Thaumatotibia leucotreta.     

绵羊乳突类圆线虫病的诊断及虫种鉴定

对河南省新乡市某羊场疑似乳突类圆线虫病的绵羊进行了临床检查,取其粪便采用饱和盐水漂浮法检查,斯陶尔氏虫卵计数法计数,幼虫进行培养与鉴定等。结果表明,病羊粪便中有大量疑似乳突类圆线虫虫卵,对虫卵培养后,根据幼虫大小、虫体形态学观察确诊为绵羊乳突类圆线虫病。     

果内核桃举肢蛾低龄幼虫防治研究初报

核桃是山区主要经济树种之一,由于核桃举肢蛾(Atrijuglous hetaonei yang)的为害,使核桃大幅度减产、变质,甚致绝收。过去的防治目标集中在果外的各个虫态的防治,防止幼虫蛀入果内,一旦蛀入,多采取摘掉或拾毁虫果,减少了当年的收入,或者是刨树盘树上、树下多次喷药防治成虫,有条件的地区可以收到较好的效果。但是核桃多分布在山区,刨树盘难;干高冠大的树不易喷药,加上山区缺水,连续喷药不易做到。为探讨解决这一问题,1988-1991年,我们作了用高压注射机将久效磷注射到树干内,防治果内低龄幼虫的研究。     

蔷薇斜条卷叶蛾幼虫的形态和分子鉴定

上海出入境检验检疫局在来自美国的樱桃中截获卷蛾科幼虫,选用引物mt6/mt9对其线粒体DNA的COI部分序列进行PCR扩增和测序后,与Genbank及BOLDSYSTEMS v2.5中已知序列比对,并对截获幼虫进行形态描述,与前人描述进行核实比较,综合分子生物学证据和幼虫形态特征最终确定为蔷薇斜条卷叶蛾。     

TSL-1 antigens of Trichinella: an overview of their potential role in parasite invasion, survival and serodiagnosis of trichinellosis

The majority of studies on the immunobiology of Trichinella species have centred on the larval muscular phase (L1) with a view to identifying immunodominant antigens located on the surface of the cuticle and in the larval secretions; the nucleus of the parasite-host interaction. These antigens have been classified as eight groups (TSL-1-TSL-8), of which those belonging to the group TSL-1 have been most intensely studied. The principal constituents are glycoproteins, glycan carriers that contain a unusual sugar, the tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-d-arabinohexose). Studies aimed at improving serodiagnostic techniques to detect trichinellosis indicate that these antigens are ideal candidates. They are capable of inducing a strong humoral response involving the generation of specific antibodies against beta-tyvelose, a sugar that seems to be exclusive to the Trichuroidea. Furthermore, these glycoproteins appear to fulfil an important function in the development and maintenance of the parasite in the muscular niche, and they appear to be fundamental for the invasion of the intestinal epithelium. It has also been demonstrated that specific monoclonal antibodies against tyvelose can mediate a degree of immunoprotection in the rat through the phenomenon known as rapid expulsion.