草地螟2代幼虫发生的气象条件等级预报方法——以兴安盟为例

[目的]明确兴安盟草地螟2代幼虫的发生规律并建立2代幼虫与气象因子的预测模型。[方法]选取1980~2015年草地螟监测资料和同期气象资料,采用相关分析和典型年份对比分析法,研究影响草地螟2代幼虫发生的关键气象因子及气象指标,并采用气象因子加权方法建立2代幼虫发生的气象等级预报模型。[结果]影响草地螟2代幼虫发生的关键气象因子为温度、降雨量、相对湿度、降雨日数和高温日数。当1代成虫出现蛾峰后1~10 d平均气温22.0~24.0℃、降雨量30~100 mm、相对湿度60%~80%、降雨日数6~8d、无高温日数时,最适宜草地螟1代成虫产卵、孵化和2代幼虫发生;而1代成虫出现蛾峰后1~10 d持续低温多雨(高湿)或者高温少雨(低湿)天气会明显抑制草地螟1代成虫产卵和孵化,导致2代幼虫轻发生甚至不发生;模型检验结果表明,有草地螟1代成虫监测资料的8 a中,适宜发生(1级)和不适宜发生(3级)的回代结果与实际完全相符(占88%),较适宜发生(2级)的回代结果与实际相差1个等级(占12%),说明模型预报气象等级1级和3级效果较好。[结论]研究结果为开展草地螟2代幼虫气象预报提供了理论依据。     

快速检疫中培养松材线虫的冷藏真菌菌种筛选

松材线虫病是一种通过媒介昆虫携带松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染松树而导致松树迅速死亡的一种毁灭性传染病害。人为调运未经处理或处理不彻底的感病原木、木材、薪材及包装箱等制品是病害扩散的主要原因。随着国际贸易往来和国内各地之间各种形式的交流日益频繁,     

马尾松毛虫越冬幼虫简易序贯抽样模型研究

采用指数曲线拟合方法，研究了马尾松毛虫越冬3－4龄幼虫的p-m关系，得其关系方程为m=0.0431e^6.5703p，制作了p-m简易估计相关数表，以此基础上，采用马占山（1988）的简易序贯抽亲决策模型进行了简易序贯抽样分析，制作了简易序贯抽样分析图、表。另外，本文还提出了“基本抽样数”的概念及其计算公式：qmin=tα^2Pt/(1-Pt）。     

树干涂毒环防治下树转移沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫研究

观察研究沙棘木蠹蛾当年生幼虫的下树转移危害习性,利用该习性采取在树干上涂毒环、绑毒绳的方法控制该虫。观察发现,2005年9月1日到18日,幼虫绝大多数是在09：00-16：00间下树转移,极少数是在20：00-08：00下树;2005年9月18日以后未曾在早上和夜晚观察到下树幼虫,幼虫都是在10：00-16：00间下树。幼虫从排粪处爬出,顺着树干向下爬,到地面时继续沿着树干钻入土层,最后找到适宜的场所,停留在树根部的树皮裂缝处。用中西杀灭菊酯与金天敌长效缓释剂按1：9的比例混合配成毒剂涂干,环宽5cm,施药第5天对沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的防治效果为100％,第30天防治效果在80％以上。     

果内核桃举肢蛾低龄幼虫防治研究初报

核桃是山区主要经济树种之一,由于核桃举肢蛾(Atrijuglous hetaonei yang)的为害,使核桃大幅度减产、变质,甚致绝收。过去的防治目标集中在果外的各个虫态的防治,防止幼虫蛀入果内,一旦蛀入,多采取摘掉或拾毁虫果,减少了当年的收入,或者是刨树盘树上、树下多次喷药防治成虫,有条件的地区可以收到较好的效果。但是核桃多分布在山区,刨树盘难;干高冠大的树不易喷药,加上山区缺水,连续喷药不易做到。为探讨解决这一问题,1988-1991年,我们作了用高压注射机将久效磷注射到树干内,防治果内低龄幼虫的研究。     

应用长效微胶囊药剂地面封闭法防控黄脊竹蝗研究

通过应用3%高效氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂30倍、40倍、50倍稀释液,用背负式机动喷雾机针对1.5m以下竹干和地面进行低容量喷雾,来对黄脊竹蝗进行防治试验,结果表明:低容量喷雾后,形成从竹干到地面的药剂封闭层,杀灭初孵跳蝻,药后30d对黄脊竹蝗防效分别为97.3%、92.6%、81.1%,表现出良好的持效性和防治效果。     

First results on synchrony between seasonal pattern of pheromone trap captures of cotton bollworm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> and appearance of freshly emerged larvae on developing cobs of corn hybrids

Synchrony between development of five corn hybrid varieties of various seasonal growing rates (FAO numbers), seasonal flight pattern of male cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hb. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as monitored by pheromone traps, and the subsequent appearance of newly hatched larvae on developing cobs were studied at Mezőhegyes, South-Hungary, in 2003 and 2004. The phenological stages of corn hybrids were evaluated using the Iowa State University Scale (R₁–R₅), the flight of male moths was monitored by large capacity, funnel type of pheromone traps and the appearance of freshly hatched larvae on developing cobs were counted by visual inspection. The synchrony between the flight peak of male moths and the peak apperance of L₁ larvae on cobs was investigated by cross-correlation. In 2003 (average daily temperatures 20.7°C, average daily relative humidity 59.9% for the period of 4–18 July) “DK 391”, “DK 443” and “Maraton” hybrid varieties already reached silking stage (R₁) by the time when pheromone traps indicated a peak, at 7 July (peak capture at 3-day intervals 755.5 males/traps). The number of L₁ larvae peaked on developing cobs of these varieties also at 7 July (7.0, 4.0 and 3.8 larvae/50 cobs, respectively). The synchrony between the flight peak of male moths and the peak appearance of L₁ larvae on cobs was proven (LAG = 0). A rather similar trend was observed in “Vilma” hybrid variety: it reached R₁ stage at 7 July, and L₁ larvae appeared only a few days later (11 July, 3.8 larvae/50 cobs) (LAG = −1). However, “Maxima” hybrid variety reached R₁ stage 1 week later (14 July) than the time of peak captures. Here L₁ larvae peaked as late as at 18 July (0.8 larvae/50 cobs), i.e., only after the cob had reached R₁ stage (LAG = −3). A reverse order of dates of R₁ stage and peak capture was observed in “Maxima” in 2004 (average daily temperatures; 22.5°C, average daily relative humidities 72.6% for the period of 15 July–6 August): it reached R₁ stage at 19 July, while peak trap captures were recorded at 6 August (peak capture at 3-day intervals 20.5 males/traps). L₁ larvae were found in the highest numbers on 2 August (1.5 larvae/50 cobs), practically in synchrony with peak caputres (LAG = 0). “Káma” reached R₁ stage in 16 July, and L₁ larvae peaked at 2 August (1.3 larvae/50 cobs) (LAG = 0). On the rest of the corn varieties larvae were found only in too numbers for performing statistical analysis. We conclude that in order to predict the appearance of L₁ larvae, the phenological stage of the corn variety and the seasonal flight pattern of moths, as measured by large capacity pheromone traps, should be considered in combination. If the corn variety already reached R₁ stage, L₁ larvae appear on cobs as early as the time of peak flight of moths. However, no young larvae appear on cobs despite of high trap captures, until the corn reaches the R₁ stage. These findings are discussed in the view of specifying optimal timing of a pesticide application.     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。     

基于Hertz接触理论的黑水虻幼虫碰撞恢复系数测定

为建立黑水虻幼虫与收集、输送、分离等机械工作部件间发生碰撞时的碰撞模型,基于黑水虻幼虫生物特性,应用Hertz弹性碰撞理论推导了黑水虻幼虫碰撞过程动力学方程,结合运动学方程原理构建了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的测定装置并进行了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数测定试验。试验针对第5龄期的黑水虻幼虫,采用L₁₆(4⁴×2³)混合正交试验方案研究了碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、含水率等因素对黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的影响,然后对碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向进行单因素试验,并获得了材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角对恢复系数的影响规律与回归方程,且方程的决定系数均不小于0.942 7。试验结果表明,影响黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的因素影响由大到小为:碰撞材料、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、碰撞材料厚度、含水率,其中含水率对恢复系数影响不显著。单因素试验结果可得:黑水虻幼虫与Q235钢、铝合金、有机玻璃、橡胶等碰撞材料间的恢复系数依次降低,随下落高度的增大而逐渐减小,随材料厚度的增加而逐渐增大,恢复系数随碰撞角的增大而整体呈增大趋势,且横向...