根系密度对黄土塬沟头溯源侵蚀产沙和形态演化过程的影响

为明确根系密度对黄土塬沟壑区沟头溯源侵蚀产沙和形态演化过程的影响,采用野外"人工模拟降雨+放水冲刷"试验方法,以裸地试验小区(CK)为对照,研究冰草根系密度试验小区(株行距:20 cm×20 cm,C1;15 cm×15 cm,C2;10 cm×10 cm,C3)的沟头溯源侵蚀产沙过程、沟头溯源距离、沟道下切深度及发育面积等特征。结果表明:1)与对照小区相比,草被小区(C1~C3)产沙量分别降低64.32%、70.31%、69.92%;冰草株行距为15 cm×15 cm时,减沙效益最大。2)对照小区沟头溯源侵蚀过程主要包括沟口形成、贴壁流侵蚀、跌水侵蚀和沟岸崩塌等;而草被小区沟头溯源侵蚀则由贴壁流侵蚀、跌水侵蚀和根土复合体崩塌导致,崩塌是草地沟头溯源的主要原因;各根系密度下沟头溯源距离与时间均呈极显著幂函数关系;与对照相比,草被小区沟头溯源距离缩短75.61%~78.87%。3)对照小区侵蚀沟纵断面呈阶梯形,存在缓冲平台,沟头近似矩形;草被小区则呈梯形和圆弧状。与对照相比,草被小区沟道平均下切深度加深1.64~1.92倍;沟道面积随根系密度增加而缩小,草被小区沟道面积较裸地缩小68.0%~74.0%。结果可为该区"固沟保塬"工作的实施提供科学参考。     

1976-2010年祁连山中段岗格尔肖合力雪山冰川退缩和气候变化的关系研究

运用最大似然监督分类法和比值阈值法（TM3/TM5）结合目视解译方法,从1976、1990、2001和2010的MSS、TM、ETM影像中提取了岗格尔肖合力雪山四个时段的冰川边界,并结合距其较近的托勒、野牛沟、祁连、德令哈和刚察5个气象站点1960-2010年年总降水量数据和年平均气温数据进行了分析,得到如下结论：1）...     

基于力矩法的元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头土体稳定性模拟与验证

元谋干热河谷冲沟活跃沟头具有"跌坎陡立、内凹洞发育、溯源侵蚀剧烈"等特征,土体崩塌是沟头溯源侵蚀的主要过程之一。该文综合考虑沟头形态特征和裂缝发育等因素,基于力矩分析方法,模拟研究了干热河谷冲沟沟头土体稳定性。结果表明,沟头土体稳定性受土壤含水量、内凹洞发育高度、裂缝发育深度及其距沟壁的距离等多个因素影响。沟头土体稳定性系数,随土壤含水量和裂缝发育深度的增大呈显著指数函数降低,随内凹洞发育高度的增大呈显著线性函数降低,随裂缝发育距沟壁距离的增大呈二次多项式增大。以土壤含水量作为标准对模拟结果进行了检验,发现沟头土体失稳崩塌时,崩塌体和崩塌面实测的土壤含水量分别为模拟值的69.8%~87.6%和82.0%~95.5%,评价结果较为可靠。崩塌面土壤含水量与模拟值更为接近,说明裂缝发育对沟头土体稳定性非常重要。研究结果可为元谋干热河谷沟头土体崩塌预测及沟头治理措施制定提供重要的理论参考。     

Safety is increasingly important in cobweb spiders based on life history

Detritus-based, bell-shaped cobwebs are an ideal model to research the plasticity of web architecture due to clearly separate defense and foraging components. We performed a thorough field investigation on the web architectures of Campanicola campanulata to research its cobweb architecture variation during the growth process and analyzed the energy trade-offs between foraging and defense at different developmental stages. The results indicated that as female C. campanulata grew, they dedicated more energy to defense and less energy to foraging, while males dedicated less energy to both defense and foraging through the growth period. We hypothesize that cobweb spiders dedicate an increasing amount of energy to safety based on evidence obtained from their life-history. Meanwhile, we present a new model to investigate web architecture variation and provide a new framework to quantify the energy allocation between foraging and predator defense for web-building spiders.