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Diseases of north European wrasse (Labridae) and possible interactions with cohabited farmed salmon, Salmo salar L

There have been several reported studies of wrasse health but none of these has shown transmission of wrasse diseases when stocked with farmed Atlantic salmon. Most of the studies have focussed on bacterial and parasite issues, including treatment of bacterial diseases with antibiotics and vaccination of wrasse. Classical and atypical furunculosis have been reported in wrasse following stress, and wrasse have been susceptible to vibrio infection. Further study is required on the vaccination of wrasse for furunculosis with latent carrier status to maximize survival. There are studies on viral diseases such as infectious pancreatic necrosis, infectious salmon anaemia and pancreas disease and although these did not give any undue concern for salmon health, there is also scope for further study in this area. Resident parasite communities of wrasse are largely host-specific and do not appear to be a threat to salmon. Given that wrasse have not, to date, been a vector of disease in salmon, attention should be placed on maintaining best practice in cohabiting wrasse with salmon. Other issues that should be addressed are good welfare of wrasse in pens and identifying measures of this, the identification of losses of wrasse in pens, being alert to potential emerging diseases through health screening of mortalities and assessing the risks associated with carrying forward wrasse from one salmon production cycle to the next. Issues of exploitation by fishing on wild wrasse stocks and improved biosecurity may be addressed by the increased movement by the industry to the stocking of farmed wrasse.     

东北地区马铃薯甲虫监测与入侵风险分析

在利用多种方式进行马铃薯甲虫识别、危害及防控技术宣传,增加东北地区马铃薯产区对马铃薯甲虫的认知程度的基础上,于2009和2010年度,在我国东北吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省和内蒙古东部地区设立了马铃薯甲虫监测点32个,调查面积439 hm2,监测面积193万hm2,未发现马铃薯甲虫。根据马铃薯甲虫发生及传播特点,以及在俄罗斯远东地区的发生情况,进一步提出了我国东北地区马铃薯甲虫入侵的风险性及应对策略。     

返乡农民工创业融资风险评估

以返乡农民工为研究对象,对其创业融资风险进行了探讨,构建了以创业者自身风险、项目风险、外部风险为主的风险指标体系,然后建立模糊层次综合评价(F-AHP)数学模型并结合案例对返乡农民工创业融资风险进行了分析评估。结果表明,模糊层次综合评价模型做出的评估结果能直观、可靠地反映返乡农民工创业融资风险水平,相关金融机构及个人可以根据评判结果准确地决策是否为返乡农民工创业提供融资。     

外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系的构建

为了评估外来海洋物种入侵的风险,根据外来海洋物种入侵特点,在文献分析和专家咨询的基础上,采用层次分析和三角模糊数数值标度计算权重的方法,设计5个一级指标和20个二级指标,构建了外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系。利用该评估体系对7种（类）典型海洋外来种进行了风险评估。评估结果表明,互花米草和对虾白斑病毒为极高风险等级;沙筛贝、米氏凯伦藻和帕金虫为高风险等级,罗非鱼为中风险等级;大菱鲆为低风险等级。由于传统层次分析法的“1～9标度”方法不能精确地反映人的实际思维,从而影响最终的判定结果,本评估体系借鉴了三角模糊数表示的改进方法来计算权重值,并对一级指标和二级指标的相对权重均进行了权重设计,得出的结果更加精确地反映了人的实际思维。外来海洋物种入侵风险评估体系的建立将为外来海洋物种入侵风险管理提供决策依据和参考。     

农村污水治理PPP项目风险因素分析--基于ISM-MICMAC模型

当前我国在探索将PPP模式应用于农村污水治理领域时面临诸多挑战,准确识别与分析项目风险因素具有实际意义。基于全寿命周期视角,采用文献研究与德尔菲法识别出农村污水治理PPP项目面临的21个风险因素,运用解释结构模型(ISM)与交叉影响矩阵相乘法(MICMAC)构建了风险因素的六级层次结构模型并分类,以揭示了风险因素间的内在联系,并提出政策建议。研究表明,项目缔约与运营阶段是关键阶段,合作单位选择是最根本的风险因素。此研究可为我国农村污水治理PPP项目风险分担与控制研究提供新思路,同时为政府部门提供投资决策与风险管理的依据。     

广西园林菟丝子发生危害情况调查与分析

【目的】明确广西园林植物种类及菟丝子寄主、种类和分布,掌握其发生危害规律,为园林菟丝子防控提供科学依据。【方法】2011-2013年,每年4-10月,以南宁市为中心选择16个有代表性市（县）进行园林树木及地被植物感染菟丝子实地调查,记录不同树木感染菟丝子种类、生育期、危害的植物学特征及程度,计算感染率和危害指数。【结果】调查鉴定广西园林树木88种,其中菟丝子寄主62种,发生率达70.45%,62种寄主分属39科,51属,其中桑科最多有6种,其次是豆科、大戟科各5种。广西分布有3种菟丝子,分别为日本菟丝子、中国菟丝子和大花菟丝子,还有一种无根藤,它们分别分布在16、9、7和5个市（县）,寄主分别达到38、20、15、11种,分别占寄主的61.29%、32.25%、24.19%和17.74%。南宁市和防城港市菟丝子种类分布最多,3种菟丝子和无根藤均有感染。中国菟丝子主要以种子繁殖危害,每年3月下旬开始萌芽侵染为害,日本菟丝子、大花菟丝子及无根藤主要以藤茎繁殖危害,4月初开始生长,11月果实成熟。寄主危害指数较高的园林树木依次是八月桂、福建茶、龙船花、黄素梅、小叶榕、非洲茉莉,危害指数达4.01-5.48,属于易感树木。【结论】调查鉴定广西园林树木88种,其中菟丝子及无根藤寄主共62种,分属39科,51属;广西分布有3种菟丝子,分别为日本菟丝子、中国菟丝子、大花菟丝子,还有一种无根藤,其中日本菟丝子为优势种类,为重点防控对象。每年4-10月是菟丝子及无根藤主要侵染危害期,也是防除的重点时期。     

Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E in Selected Population Groups in Croatia: A Prospective Pilot Study

Hepatitis E has become an emerging infection in many European countries. We analysed the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in selected population groups in Croatia. Overall HEV IgG seropositivity was 5.6%, while 1.9% participants showed IgM antibodies suggestive of recent infection. No IgM‐positive sample was positive for HEV RNA. HEV IgG antibodies were most prevalent in alcohol abusers (8.9%) and war veterans (8.6%), compared with 6.1% among injecting drug users and 2.7% in healthcare professionals. No individual with high‐risk sexual behaviour tested HEV seropositive. HEV IgG positivity increased significantly with age from 1.8% to 2.3% in individuals younger than 40 years to 11.3% in individuals older than 50 years (P = 0.023). The mean age of HEV‐positive participants was significantly higher than that of HEV‐negative participants (50.9 ± 11.8 years versus 41.2 ± 11.8 years, P = 0.008). Seroprevalence rates were significantly higher in residents of suburban and rural areas compared with residents of urban areas (14.5% versus 2.5%, P = 0.003). Additionally, an increasing prevalence of HEV IgG antibodies was observed from 1.8% in participants living in families with two household members to 12.1% in those living with more than four members (P = 0.046). Gender, marital status, educational level, sexual orientation, source of drinking water, history of blood transfusions, surgical procedures, tattooing and travelling were not associated with HEV seroprevalence. Logistic regression showed that living in suburban/rural areas was the main risk factor for HEV seropositivity (OR = 6.67; 95%CI = 1.89–25.0; AOR = 7.14, 95%CI = 1.89–25.0).     

汉江上游铁矿尾矿库区土壤重金属污染分析

应用地累积指数法和生态危害指数法对汉江上游某铁矿尾矿库区周边土壤重金属污染特征和潜在生态环境污染风险进行了研究。结果表明尾矿库区土壤中重金属除Ti外均超出当地土壤背景值,以Cd超标最严重(超标12倍);形态分析表明Fe、Ti、As、Hg的主要存在形态是残渣态,Mn的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态所占比例最高(均值24.07%),Zn的易还原态所占比例最高(均值22.07%),Ni和Co的易氧化态所占比例最高(均值分别为28.99%、25.46%);地累积指数法评价表明尾矿库区土壤Hg和Cd达到中-强污染等级,As和Co属中度污染等级,Fe、Zn、Mn、Ni以无污染-中污染为主,其余金属无污染;生态危害指数法结果显示Cd和Hg的生态风险等级为极强,As生态风险等级为中等,其余元素生态风险等级为轻微,尾矿库采样区域整体处于很强的生态风险等级,尤其需要加强对Cd、Hg、As的污染防治。