农药生态风险分级标准研究

本文详细介绍了美国、欧盟、欧洲和地中海植物保护组织农药生态风险分级标准的制订背景、发展过程、现行标准及与风险分级标准密切相关的风险商值的计算方法,并对不同国家和组织已制定的农药生态风险分级标准进行了比较分析,旨在为我国制订农药生态风险评价制度,进一步提高农药管理水平提供有益借鉴。     

波尔多液在苹果和土壤中残留动态及环境风险评价

波尔多液是以碱式硫酸铜为活性成分的果园杀菌剂。为明确波尔多液中铜离子在苹果果实和土壤中的残留动态,评价波尔多液施用的环境风险,选择80%波尔多液可湿性粉剂,在江苏徐州和河北石家庄两地分别开展铜在苹果和土壤中残留特征试验。结果表明,波尔多液按照推荐剂量和施药次数施用后,铜在苹果果实上的残留浓度<2 mg.kg-1,符合我国食品卫生标准铜残留量规定(10 mg.kg-1)。徐州和石家庄土壤中铜原始沉积量分别为36.9 mg.kg-1和28.0 mg.kg-1,最终残留量最大值分别为128.4 mg.kg-1和39.8 mg.kg-1,在土壤中有积累效应。徐州果园长期使用波尔多液,土壤铜残留量较高,已接近国家土壤铜环境标准限值,其安全施用年限约为10年,建议慎重施用铜制剂。     

Exposure to sulfosulfuron in agricultural drainage ditches: field monitoring and scenario-based modelling

Field monitoring and scenario-based modelling were used to assess exposure of small ditches in the UK to the herbicide sulfosulfuron following transport via field drains. A site in central England on a high pH, clay soil was treated with sulfosulfuron, and concentrations were monitored in the single drain outfall and in the receiving ditch 1 km downstream. Drainflow in the nine months following application totalled 283 mm. Pesticide lost in the first 12.5 mm of flow was 99% of the total loading to drains (0.5% of applied). Significant dilution was observed in the receiving ditch and quantifiable residues were only detected in one sample (0.06 microg litre(-1)). The MACRO model was evaluated against the field data with minimal calibration. The parameterisation over-estimated the importance of macropore flow at the site. As a consequence, the maximum concentration in drainflow (2.3 microg litre(-1)) and the total loading to drains (0.76 g) were over-estimated by factors of 2.4 and 5, respectively. MACRO was then used to simulate long-term fate of the herbicide for each of 20 environmental scenarios. Resulting estimates for concentrations of sulfosulfuron in a receiving ditch were weighted according to the prevalence of each scenario to produce a probability distribution of daily exposure.     

祁连山保护区东端气象因子与针阔混交林火险等级相关性分析

通过对祁连山保护区东端针阔混交林可燃物含水率与气象因子关系分析,采用统计回归法,建立了针阔混交林可燃物含水率与气象要素关系模型,以针阔混交林死体可燃物引燃含水率为基准,结合燃烧实验,确定了祁连山保护区东端针阔混交林森林火险等级对应的气象因子,结果表明:森林可燃物含水率模型模拟效果较好,引入森林可燃物含水率气象预测模型可提高森林火险气象指数模型的应用效果,为祁连山保护区东端针阔混交林火灾预测预防提供了科学依据。     

Evaluation the effect of subchronic feeding of transgenic cotton line (CKC1) on the faecal microbiota of albino rabbits

Recent studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the host health. As such, consumers are increasingly becoming more concerned about the potential effect of certain foods/feeds, particularly of transgenic origin on the gut microbiota. Although the European Food Safety Authority has recommended in their guidelines, to study the effect of transgenic food/feed on host-microbiota, yet, few studies have focused on the evaluation of such effects mainly due to culturing difficulties. Therefore, this study was intended to evaluate the potential adverse effects of transgenic diet consumption on some specific gut microflora (Lactobacillus group, Bifidobacterium genus, Escherichia coli subgroup and Enterococcus genus) of rabbits. A total of forty-eight rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups and fed a diet containing a variable proportion of transgenic cottonseeds at 0, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion level, respectively. Changes in the specific or total faecal bacterial population were monitored at five different experimental stages (i.e. 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days) using both the traditional plate count method (TM) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). No significant differences (p > .05) were observed concerning numbers of specific bacteria or total bacteria between the control and experimental groups, though qPCR showed numerically higher values in terms of 16S rRNA gene copies as compared to the values obtained from TM. However, such numerical differences were biologically insignificant (p > .05). Similarly, no significant variations were noticed in the calculated B/E (log₁₀ copies of Bifidobacterium per g faces/log10 copies of E. coli genome per g faeces) ratios in all the groups. All the ratios were in the range of 1.24 to 1.30 throughout the experiment, indicating a good balance of intestinal microflora and greater resistance to intestinal disorders. It is therefore concluded that feeding transgenic cottonseeds could not adversely affect the gut microflora of rabbits during a long-term study.     

科研事业单位专项管理的风险点与风险控制策略——以改善科研条件专项资金项目为例

精准识别风险点并及时有效进行风险控制,始终是科研事业单位专项资金项目管理中的重点和难点。随着我国经济快速发展,国家对科研事业单位改善科研条件专项资金投入的规模越来越大,与此同时在项目实施过程中存在的风险日益增加,风险防控难度也相应加大。文章专门针对科研事业单位改善科研条件专项资金项目,沿着专项资金项目的管理流程,对立项管理、设计管理、招投标管理、合同履行管理、验收管理等各个环节的风险点逐一进行了识别,分析了风险产生的原因,提出了相应的风险控制策略,以期为保障项目运行安全、提高资金使用效益和高质量实现项目建设目标提供有益借鉴。     

长沙城郊农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd的生态风险评价研究

采集长沙城郊18个乡镇513个农田土壤样点,运用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法从农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd的含量、土壤理化特性(pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷)、土壤区位特征(土壤采样点离城镇的距离、离建设用地的距离、离河流的距离、离农村居民点的距离)3个方面选取评价指标,建立农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd的生态风险评价模型,并根据生态风险指数值(ERI)将生态风险等级划分为四级(Ⅰ级ERI>0.70、Ⅱ级0.6相似文献   

HACCP体系在无公害大米加工中的应用研究

主要探讨HACCP在无公害大米生产中的应用,并对无公害大米生产中各个环节可能造成的物理危害、化学危害和微生物危害进行分析,进而确定出关键控制点、监测方法、纠偏措施,从而提高产品品质。     

基于风险与效益模型的政府农业科技投入范围界定

在分析农业科技研发层次与演化流程的基础上,提出了不同研究阶段的农业技术类型和特征,构建了农业科技研发投入风险与效益模型,揭示了政府农业科技投入领域的选择行为,并以此界定了农业科技投入的合理范围。