甘蔗属热带种与滇蔗茅远缘杂交F_1代花粉母细胞减数分裂及花粉败育研究

采用染色体压片法研究甘蔗属热带种与滇蔗茅远缘杂交F1代花粉母细胞减数分裂过程及染色体行为,显微观察结果显示:在终变期观察到单价体、二价体和四价体;分裂中期Ⅰ、后期Ⅰ、中期Ⅱ和后期Ⅱ均出现落后染色体;中期Ⅱ形成"八"字形纺锤丝、后期Ⅱ二分体2个子细胞染色体不同步分离;四分体时期观察到三分体、微核、大小不等的四分体以及多面体等异常细胞;同一小花的3个花药中几个不同时期的分裂相同时存在。进一步应用DAPI荧光染料进行染色观察,结果表明,大多数小孢子在单核时期就发生皱缩变形。该结果说明减数分裂过程异常染色体行为和异常细胞分裂是导致杂交F1代花粉完全败育的主要原因。花粉败育时期为小孢子母细胞时期、四分体时期和单核小孢子时期。     

蝴蝶兰Phalaenopsis ‘Frigdaas Oxford’和Phal.316杂交F_1代性状分离研究

以中小型-黄底红紫斑纹-蜡质花品种Phalaenopsis‘Frigdaas Oxford’(黄金豹)为母本,大花型-纯白无斑纹-纸质花品种Phal.316为父本进行常规杂交,对其F1代群体的性状分离进行研究。结果表明:F1代群体根据花部性状特点分为11个类群(Group 01~Group 11),17个数量性状介于双亲之间或低于双亲或高于双亲,表现为中亲优势或正向超亲优势或负向优势;杂交后代在花色、斑纹、花朵质地、唇瓣须状物、株高等方面都发生了明显的性状分离,今后可以此为基础进行优良单株或株系的筛选,并为部分花部性状的定向育种提供参考。     

茗科1号和金牡丹工夫红茶游离氨基酸组成特征分析

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定分析了茗科1号和金牡丹工夫红茶游离氨基酸组分,结果表明：茗科1号工夫红茶游离氨基酸总量为38.43 mg/g,金牡丹工夫红茶为37.20 mg/g。含量较高的氨基酸组分为茶氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸,其中茗科1号工夫红茶茶氨酸比例为（73.02±3.63）%,金牡丹工夫红茶茶氨酸比例为（66.82±7.94）%。茗科1号和金牡丹工夫红茶的氨基酸组分含量总体差异较小,与铁观音工夫红茶均有较大差异。通过主成分分析结果表明,丙氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸和赖氨酸可以作为金牡丹工夫红茶区分茗科1号、铁观音工夫红茶的氨基酸特征组分;半胱氨酸、天冬氨酸及酪氨酸可以作为茗科1号工夫红茶区分金牡丹、铁观音工夫红茶的氨基酸特征组分。     

株1S系列组合产量及农艺性状的关系研究

温敏核不育系株1S是育种上广泛应用的优良早籼型水稻不育系,1999年通过湖南省品种审定委员会审定。自审定以来,以其为母本所配组合在湖南省区域试验早稻组中占有很大的比重。一大批组合通过审定,并在湖南省及南方各省区得到大面积推广,产生了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文通过对历年湖南省区域试验中株1S系列组合信息的收集和整理,对其产量性状、农艺性状等进行了相关分析,为选育高产优质的理想株型品种和合理的栽培措施提供参考依据和理论支撑。早中熟品种产量与米质、感病性显著负相关。     

花生中UDP-glucosyltransferase基因的克隆及在非生物胁迫下的表达研究

通过RACE技术从花生叶片cDNA中克隆到了UDP-glucosyltransferase基因,命名为AhUGT83A1-like （Genbank注册号为KF411463）。该基因全长为1 530bp,ORF为1 380bp,编码460个氨基酸。序列比对与进化分析结果表明,该序列有保守的UDPGT结构域,并且与其它植物的UGT蛋白同源性较高。荧光定量PCR结果表明,AhUGT83A1-like基因在高盐和低温处理的花生根和叶片中均上调表达;在干旱处理时,根中表达也受到显著上调,但叶片中表达量则有明显下降。以上结果表明AhUGT83A1-like可能参与了花生对干旱、低温和高盐的抗性调控。ABA处理结果表明,AhUGT83A1-like在花生根中对ABA响应明显,但在叶片中对ABA没有明显响应,表明该基因在花生根中对非生物胁迫的调控可能是以依赖ABA的方式发挥作用的。?     

青稞Hva1基因的表达模式及表达载体的构建

为了解青稞种子胚胎成熟晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)基因Hva1与青稞抗旱性的关系,以抗旱性强的旱地紫青稞和抗旱性弱的大麻青稞为材料,研究了不同浓度PEG胁迫下Hva1基因在两个青稞品种中的表达模式。结果表明,Hva1基因在抗旱性不同的两个青稞品种中的表达均呈单峰模式,且抗旱性强的旱地紫青稞表达峰值和对应的PEG胁迫浓度均高于抗旱性弱的大麻青稞;PEG胁迫浓度大于13.18%时,旱地紫青稞的Hva1基因表达量高于大麻青稞。可见,Hva1基因的表达在青稞的抗旱中起到重要的作用,为此我们成功构建了青稞Hva1基因的过量表达载体,期望为抗逆性基因在青稞中的应用和抗旱新品种的选育奠定基础。     

四川小麦品种高、低分子量麦谷蛋白基因和1B/1R易位的分子标记鉴定

为给四川小麦品质育种提供参考信息,利用7个HMW-GS、17个LMW-GS和1个1B/1R易位的特异分子标记,对105份2000年后育成的四川小麦品种进行上述基因检测。结果表明:(1)针对HMWGS,在Glu-A1位点,含Ax2*的品种有2份,频率为1.9%;在Glu-B1位点,含Bx7、Bx20、Bx17、By8和By9的品种分别有73、26、4、45和30份,频率分别为69.5%、24.8%、3.8%、42.9%和28.6%,未检测到含Bx7OE的品种;在Glu-D1位点,含Dx5的品种有65份,频率为61.9%。(2)针对LMW-GS,在Glu-A3位点,含Glu-A3a、Glu-A3b、Glu-A3c、Glu-A3d和Glu-A3f的品种分别有2、2、63、29和9份,频率分别为1.9%、1.9%、60.0%、27.6%和8.6%,未检测到含Glu-A3e和Glu-A3g的品种;在Glu-B3位点,含Glu-B3b、Glu-B3d、Glu-B3f、GluB3g和Glu-B3i的品种分别有18、10、1、75和1份,频率分别为17.1%、9.5%、1.0%、71.4%和1.0%,未检测到含Glu-B3a、Glu-B3c、Glu-B3e和Glu-B3h的品种。(3)含1B/1R易位的品种有36份,频率为34.3%。(4)组合6种和5种以上优质基因的品种分别有2份(频率为3.8%)和15份(频率为14.3%)。可利用这些品种作为亲本,在四川小麦品质育种中逐步导入优质基因Ax2*、Bx7、By8、Dx5、Glu-A3d、Glu-B3d、Glu-A3b和Glu-B3b,并淘汰1B/1R易位,优化四川小麦面筋优质基因组成。     

Dietary Fucoxanthin Increases Metabolic Rate and Upregulated mRNA Expressions of the PGC-1alpha Network,Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Fusion Genes in White Adipose Tissues of Mice

The mechanism for how fucoxanthin (FX) suppressed adipose accumulation is unclear. We aim to investigate the effects of FX on metabolic rate and expressions of genes related to thermogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis and homeostasis. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, four groups of mice were respectively fed a high sucrose (50% sucrose) or a high-fat diet (23% butter + 7% soybean oil) supplemented with or without 0.2% FX. FX significantly increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. The mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effecter a (CIDEA), PPARα, PPARγ, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) were significantly upregulated in inguinal WAT (iWAT) and epididymal WAT (eWAT) by FX. Mitochondrial biogenic genes, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and NRF2, were increased in eWAT by FX. Noticeably, FX upregulated genes of mitochondrial fusion, mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), Mfn2 and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), but not mitochondrial fission, Fission 1, in both iWAT and eWAT. In conclusion, dietary FX enhanced the metabolic rate and lowered adipose mass irrespective of the diet. These were associated with upregulated genes of the PGC-1α network and mitochondrial fusion in eWAT and iWAT.     

Aaptamine Derivatives with Antifungal and Anti-HIV-1 Activities from the South China Sea Sponge Aaptos aaptos

Five new alkaloids of aaptamine family, compounds (1–5) and three known derivatives (6–8), have been isolated from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos. The structures of all compounds were unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, as well as by comparison with the literature data. Compounds 1–2 are characterized with triazapyrene lactam skeleton, whereas compounds 4–5 share an imidazole-fused aaptamine moiety. These compounds were evaluated in antifungal and anti-HIV-1 assays. Compounds 3, 7, and 8 showed antifungal activity against six fungi, with MIC values in the range of 4 to 64 μg/mL. Compounds 7–8 exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity, with inhibitory rates of 88.0% and 72.3%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 μM.     

Lamellarin O,a Pyrrole Alkaloid from an Australian Marine Sponge,Ianthella sp., Reverses BCRP Mediated Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-gp, BCRP and MRP1, can increase efflux of clinical chemotherapeutic agents and lead to multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. While the discovery and development of clinically useful inhibitors has proved elusive to date, this molecular target nevertheless remains a promising strategy for addressing and potentially overcoming MDR. In a search for new classes of inhibitor, we used fluorescent accumulation and efflux assays supported by cell flow cytometry and MDR reversal assays, against a panel of sensitive and MDR human cancer cell lines, to evaluate the marine sponge co-metabolites 1–12 as inhibitors of P-gp, BCRP or MRP1 initiated MDR. These studies identified and characterized lamellarin O (11) as a selective inhibitor of BCRP mediated drug efflux. A structure–activity relationship analysis inclusive of the natural products 1–12 and the synthetic analogues 13–19, supported by in silico docking studies, revealed key structural requirements for the lamellarin O (11) BCRP inhibitory pharmacophore.