网箱养草对养殖水体的净化效果

在室外养殖池塘中进行异育银鲫和网箱养草(菹草)的混养实验,旨在通过监测室外池塘养殖系统中水体主要理化因子,探讨网箱养草对养殖水体主要营养盐的去除效果。结果表明:在本次试验的鱼草共生系统中,网箱养草对水体具有明显的净化效果,能有效去除水体中的N、P等营养性物质。     

Cryopreservation effects on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier 1818)

The effects of straws volume, cryoprotectants and thawing temperatures were evaluated on the sperm quality of cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier), an important Colombian fish species. Sexually mature fish were induced to ovulation or spermiation with a carp pituitary extract. A pool of suitable sperm samples was diluted in glucose, egg yolk, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO‐10%), methanol (MET‐10%) or ethylene glycol (ETG‐5%) and packed in 0.5, 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. The thawing process was performed in a 35 or an 80 °C water bath. The fertility was evaluated after 6 h post fertilization. The highest motility percentage (33 ± 3%) was observed with sperm cryopreserved with DMSO, packed in 5 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C. The treatments with DMSO and MET packed in 0.5 and 5.0 mL straws and thawed at 35 °C showed the highest fertility (higher than 71%) and the lowest fertility was obtained with MET‐2.5 mL (9 ± 5%). In all the treatments, a significant decrease in the sperm quality was observed at 80 °C. Sperm cryopreserved with DMSO‐10% or MET‐10%, packed in 2.5 or 5.0 mL straws are suitable to achieve acceptable fertilization and to fertilize high amounts of eggs.     

草类在生态果园建设中的作用

从生态学角度综述了草类在生态果园建设中的作用,并总结其在果园土壤、果园微域环境、果树生长的影响等方面国内外近年来研究的新进展。结果表明：果园生草可有效改善果树生态环境,调节地温,提高土壤肥力和蓄水保墒能力;同时有利于增加害虫天敌数量,减轻病虫害和生理病害的发生,减少果园农药的使用量。     

Differences in swimbladder volume between Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring: Consequences for mean target strength

Fish swimbladders, where present, contribute most to the scattering of sound by fish, as measured by the target strength (TS). The volumes of the swimbladders of two different European stocks of Atlantic herring were compared to consider the effect on estimates of TS. Swimbladder volumes of Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) were measured, together with individual herring fat content. Swimbladder volumes were found to differ significantly between the two herring stocks. Baltic herring have a larger swimbladder volume, which is suggested to be associated with the fish's low fat content, which in turn may be linked to its specific energy budget and the low salinity of the Baltic Sea. A buoyancy model that considered the different salinity conditions and fat proportions was used to evaluate the observed differences in swimbladder volume. The swimbladder volume data were subsequently used to model the mean target strength as a function of depth and growth pattern. Backscattering of the swimbladder was modelled using the modal-series-based deformed-cylinder model (MSB-DCM), describing the swimbladder as a gas-filled, elongated prolate spheroid. The fish body component was modelled as a fluid-filled ellipsoid using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). Modelling results support a different TS-to-size relationship for Baltic herring, with a stronger echo, due to the larger swimbladder. Depth- and length-dependent TS relationships based on the model results are suggested.     

大兴安岭林区林分蓄积量与海拔的关系研究

研究区域位于天然林保护工程重点区域大兴安岭林区,收集大兴安岭森林资源连续清查第6次复查232块样地资料,将其整理成列联表,做列联表分析,进行卡方检验、剩余分析、对数线性模型拟合。结果表明,此区域落叶松林分在低海拔分布较广,但蓄积量处于相对低水平,主要是此区域内林分受人为干扰较严重而致。本文研究结果对于森林经营决策具有重要的意义。     

体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重

土壤含水率直接测量是相关研究和应用的基础,在土壤力学、作物栽培、农田灌溉、生态环境等研究和实践中十分重要。该文提出了一种与传统烘干称质量法相当的体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重。该方法在假设一定土壤颗粒密度的前提下,用一定体积的标准取样环刀取得土样后,通过向待测量土体补充水分使土壤达到饱和,用一定体积的水置换土壤中的充气空隙,直到土样达到饱和状态;再通过测量得到的初始/原始土样质量、饱和后土壤的质量以及已知土壤颗粒密度和水密度,计算得到被置换的充气空隙的体积,进而由此计算得到土壤质量含水率和土壤容重。采用3种不同土壤,即陕西杨凌黏黄土、北京粉壤土和江西黏红土,分别预配制成7种不同初始土壤体积含水率,含水率约为:风干土(含水率2%～3%)、5%、10%、15%、25%、30%和饱和含水率,以及3种不同土壤容重:1.25、1.35和1.45g/cm3进行室内试验。用类似的土样,采用传统方法烘干土样8、12、24、48h后,测量确定土壤的质量含水率,通过延长烘干时间测得数据表明,传统方法烘干8h所测得的质量含水率仍有1%～3.2%的含水率误差。最终试验结果表明体积置换方法测得的土壤含水率比传统烘干土样8h所测得的结果大2%～3%,比烘干土样48h所测得的结果大1%左右。体积置换方法测量操作过程简单,耗时较少,节约能源,测量结果具有较高精度。     

不同作物对坡耕地地表径流及氮素流失的影响

为了揭示坡耕地种植作物后径流和氮素流失间的差异,采用径流小区法对坡耕地种植玉米、莜麦和土豆3种作物后坡面径流、地面作物状况、氮素流失量及其关系进行了研究。结果表明:2014年7—9月6场侵蚀性降雨平均降雨量为31.49mm,径流量(Q)为Q_(莜麦-总)Q_(土豆-总)Q_(玉米-总),且与降雨量成线性关系;作物种类对径流中氮素浓度有显著影响,各形态氮浓度均值范围分别为:NO_3~-—N含量10.33~11.83mg/L,TN含量27.48~31.28mg/L,NH_4~+—N含量0.72~0.92mg/L,NO_2~-—N含量0.35~0.49mg/L;6次侵蚀性降雨全氮流失量(TNL)为TNL_(莜麦)TNL_(土豆)TNL_(玉米),均值分别为147.01,139.45,125.63mg;硝态氮流失量(NL_硝)占TNL的33.33%~43.14%,NL_硝和TNL与径流量之间存在线性关系;7—9月份,农作物进入生殖生长阶段,作物覆盖度变化较小,与降雨量和氮素流失量之间没有显著关系,不是影响坡面径流和养分流失的主要影响因素。     

户用太阳能恒温沼气生产系统全年产气性能试验

为满足北方农户全年生活燃气需求和研究户用恒温沼气池的产气特性,研发了发酵容积为3 m3的地上式太阳能恒温沼气生产系统。从沼气池的产气稳定性,不同发酵温度、不同发酵原料下的产气性能,全年产气特性4个方面对该系统做了试验研究。在兰州地区气象条件下,厌氧发酵试验结果发现:该太阳能恒温产气系统可全年稳定连续运行,全年累计产气398.52 m3;当最低环境温度分别高于-19.9、0.7和6.9℃时,系统可以实现26、28和37℃恒温厌氧发酵;当猪粪与农户常见的玉米秸秆、蒿草、莲花菜叶按一定比例混合发酵后,可显著提高沼气中甲烷体积分数并延长或缩短发酵周期。     

The effect of some watershed,soil characteristics and morphometric factors on the relationship between the gully volume and length in Fars Province,Iran

A survey consisting of 146 first order gullies selected from five sites with different land use, soil and watershed properties was carried out to estimate the parameters of the empirical power function in order to describe the relationship between the gully volume and length in Fars province, Iran. Subsequently, the gullies were clustered into seven groups (“A” to “G”) based on nine morphometric factors. The linearized functions were fitted to the natural logarithms of the volume and length in each group and the parameters “a” and “b” were determined. The obtained “a” and “b” parameters are in the ranges of 1.0–10.8 and 0.8–1.4, respectively. Comparison of “a” and “b” parameters in each group with the mean of nine factors and the mean soil, watershed and land use characteristics in each group showed that the gully volume and average cross section are correlated with the gully depths in different sections and the gully head slopes. Also it was shown that the parameters of fitted functions to the plots of gully volumes versus gully lengths are proportional to width at the gully heads. The gully widths at the top and bottom of the five meter sections are correlated with the average upstream watershed area of the gullies.     

温室长季节栽培番茄发育动态模拟模型的研究

根据番茄生物学特性、发育阶段有效积温恒定的原理和多年的栽培经验,对温室长季节栽培番茄的发育阶段进行划分,其生长发育阶段包括播种期、幼苗期、开花座果期、果实膨大期、果实采收初期、果实采收盛期和果实采收末期.将不同播期各生育阶段的生长度日的平均值确定为建模过程中的参数Ai自幼苗期至果实采收末期分别为710.5、110.5、152.3、302.9、245.6、2156.7、200.5度日.确定了发育阶段有效积温参数后,建立了温室番茄长季节栽培的发育动态模拟模型,系统的预测番茄发育阶段.模型检验结果表明,温室番茄发育动态模拟模型具有较高的精确性、机理性和实用性.