玉米霜霉病的侵染途径及防治措施

系统综述了玉米霜霉病的症状表现、发生规律和防治措施等方面的研究进展.加强进境植物检疫、及时清除病残体和选育高抗的玉米品种是防治玉米霜霉病的重中之重.     

内生真菌对醉马草白粉病抗性的影响

为研究内生真菌对醉马草白粉病抗性的影响,在温室条件下,对自然发生不同程度白粉病(健康、轻度感病和重度感病植株)的带内生真菌(E+)和不带内生真菌(E-)的醉马草植株的发病率、病叶率、病情指数及各项生理生化指标进行测定。结果表明,E+醉马草的发病率48%显著低于E-醉马草的发病率97%(P0.05),E+的病叶率60%显著低于E-醉马草病叶率86%(P0.05),E+醉马草的病情指数为50.76,E-醉马草的病情指数为82.49;通过各项生理生化指标的测定发现与健康植株相比,在轻度和重度发病植株中,内生真菌的存在可以显著(P0.05)提高醉马草叶片的叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量,E+醉马草的SOD酶活性和POD酶活性也显著高于E-醉马草,同时内生真菌显著地降低了醉马草叶片中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。据此说明内生真菌的存在能够提高醉马草抗白粉病的能力。     

小麦纹枯病和白粉病双抗抗源的初步鉴定

“七五”和“八五”期间,进行了大量的小麦常规品种(系)之间,以及与近缘物种的杂交工作,从某些杂种后代中,筛选出几百份抗白粉病优良选系。为了创造兼抗纹枯病和白粉病的双抗抗源,于1997 年春整理部分优良选系、地方品种和国外引进品种(系),共182 份小麦材料进行的纹枯病抗性和白粉病抗性鉴定,对部分抗性材料于当年秋在温室接种情况下继续进行抗性鉴定。初步鉴定结果表明:有27 份材料与对照材料相比纹枯病病情指数较低,显示了较强的抗(耐)纹枯病能力;其中有16 份材料表现出兼抗纹枯病和白粉病。另外,对部分小麦的近缘物种的初步鉴定发现球茎大麦、多花黑麦草和黑麦等对白粉病和纹枯病有很强的抗性。     

Linkage between a major gene for powdery mildew resistance and an RFLP marker on chromosome 1R of rye

DNA samples from an F₂ progeny which segregated for resistance to powdery mildew were bulked for resistant and susceptible individuals. In a segregant analysis, genomic rye probes which had been localized previously in a linkage map of rye were systematically screened for polymorphisms between these bulks. An RFLP marker located on linkage group 1RS was found to be tightly linked to a dominant mildew resistance gene. This is the first publication mapping a major gene for mildew resistance in rye.     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

Effects of Interaction of Soil Moisture and Organic Matter on Powdery Mildew Disease and Growth of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance

Taking annual Heracl'eum moellendorffii Hance as the material, this research studied the epidemic dynamics of H. moellendorffii Hance powdery mildew and plant growth by using the interactive methods of soil moisture and soil organic matter. The results showed that the interaction of higher soil moisture content (60％-80％) and soil organic matter content (75-100 g · kg-1) had few diseases, dosease index and area under disease progression curve (AUDPC) compared with those of other treatments, thus could effectivley control powdery mildew disease. Moreover, higher soil moisture and organic matter content increased the yield, contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, vitamin C and coumarin in H. moellendorffii Hance.     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合酶基因表达及对葡萄抗白粉病的影响

[目的]克隆中国野生毛葡萄(Vitis quinquangularis)'丹凤-2'芪合酶(stilbene synthase)基因(STS)并研究其功能,为提高欧洲葡萄(V.vinifera)的白粉病抗性及品质提供依据.[方法]利用同源克隆法获得中国野生毛葡萄'丹凤-2'芪合酶基因VqSTS9和VqSTS21,构建植...     

小黑麦异多附加系M17叶片cDNA文库构建及抗小麦白粉病特异表达cDNA的差别筛选(英文)

以对小麦白粉病菌免疫的小黑麦异多附加系Ｍ１７（１Ｒ“６Ｒ”）为材料,一组接种小麦白粉病菌,另一组不接种．分别提取两组叶片的总ＲＮＡ,经磁珠法分离出ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）ＲＮＡ,以Ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ）为引物,经反转录合成ｃＤＮＡ．将接种组双链ｃＤＮＡ克隆进λｇｔ１０载体,得到一个含９．８×１０４个重组噬菌体的ｃＤＮＡ文库．两组ｃＤＮＡ双链经切口平移法制成总ｃＤＮＡ探针,分别与ｃＤＮＡ文库杂交,通过差别筛选的方法,找到了６个与小麦白粉病抗性有关的ｃＤＮＡ克隆．