利用过氧化物酶同工酶进行苹果矮化砧早期预选的研究

利用过氧化物酶同工酶分析方法,对１５９株苹果矮化砧杂交后代进行了早期预选。     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对吉富罗非鱼抗氧化和抗亚硝基氮应激能力的影响

选择初始体重(3.27±0.04)g的吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus),分别投喂基础饲料和添加80、160、240、320和400 mg/kg谷胱甘肽(GSH)的试验饲料,记作G0、G80、G160、G240、G320和G400。49 d后,G320血清和G160、G240肝脏谷胱甘肽S-转移酶,G160、G240血清和G320肝脏谷胱甘肽还原酶,G240肝脏超氧化物歧化酶,G320血清和G240肝脏过氧化氢酶活性,G240～G400血清和G240肝脏总抗氧化能力,G320血清抗超氧阴离子活性,与对照组相比分别显著升高。G80～G320肝脏丙二醛含量显著低于对照组。在亚硝基氮应激96 h内,G320累积死亡率显著降低。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的GSH能显著提高罗非鱼的抗氧化性能和抗亚硝基氮应激能力。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟草抗黄瓜花叶病毒的诱导效应

用1 g.L-1茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)处理小十字期烟草幼苗,烟苗移栽后长至10片真叶时再用相同浓度MJ处理一次,并接种烟草黄瓜花叶病毒,研究茉莉酸甲酯对烟草黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的诱导效应.结果表明:接种CMV后21 d,MJ处理烟株的病情显著低于对照,诱导效果达到43.24%;MJ处理提高了烟草幼苗叶片内的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶及超氧化物歧化酶的活性和过氧化氢的含量;而接种CMV后,MJ处理烟株叶片过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,过氧化物酶活性增强,过氧化氢含量明显升高.     

胁迫对菜用大豆种子抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用蛭石栽培,在100 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个菜用大豆［Glycine max (L.)Merr.］品种种子的过氧化氢（H2O2）含量及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环进行了研究。结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著增加了菜用大豆种子的H2O2含量,但耐盐品种 绿领特早的增幅低于盐敏感品种理想高产95-1。NaCl胁迫期间,绿领特早种子中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,AsA、GSH含量以及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值的增幅高于同期的理想高产95-1,或降幅低于同期的理想高产95-1; 脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量的增幅低于同期的理想高产95-1。表明 绿领特早种子在胁迫期间能够保持较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,可有效地抑制H2O2的积累,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一。     

不同强度紫外线对蚜虫生态学特征及有关酶活性的影响

用不同强度紫外线照射桃蚜,处理两代后对第3代桃蚜进行生殖生命表研究。结果表明,发育历期、净增值率、生长周期、内禀增长率等在紫外线照射下发生了很大变化,且不同强度紫外线照射桃蚜的生物学指标有显著差异,紫外线强度越大,桃蚜发育历期和平均世代周期越长,净增值率和内禀增长率越大;紫外线对桃蚜生态学特征的诱变是不可恢复型的。桃蚜体内存在超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等保护酶系统,用紫外线处理桃蚜4h后,SOD、CAT及POD的活力水平均高于正常虫休,表明保护酶与桃蚜抗逆境性有关。     

Selenium and vitamin E increases polymorphonuclear cell phagocytosis and antioxidant levels during acute mastitis in riverine buffaloes

Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and phagocytic activities were studied in milk polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) isolated from healthy buffaloes (group I) and during clinical mastitis with the treatment of Enrofloxacin alone (group II) and combined treatment with Enrofloxacin and Vitamin E plus selenium (group III). On days 0,3, 8 and 15 the milk Somatic cell count (SCC) were significantly higher in mastitic milk than in milk obtained from healthy buffaloes. In group II SCC decreased significantly on day 3 and day 8, however in group III reduction in SCC was observed on day 3, day 8 and day 15 (P < 0.05). The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by determining nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) production in the milk PMNs before treatment and on day 8. NOx activity was significantly higher in mastitic milk than from healthy controls, both before and after treatment (P < 0.05). In group II and group III the activity decreased significantly on day 8 (P < 0.05). The Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was estimated in the milk polymorphonuclear cell (PMNs) supernatant. GSH-Px activity was significantly lower in mastitic buffaloes than in healthy controls, both before and after treatment (P < 0.05). In group II levels did not change in response to treatment, whereas in group III levels had increased significantly on day 8 (P < 0.05). The phagocytic activity (PA) (percentage of neutrophil that had phagocytosed 1–6 bacteria) and phagocytic index (PI) (average number of bacteria/ leukocytes counted in 100 cells) of the milk PMNs was significantly lower in mastitic buffaloes (P < 0.05). In group II the PA and PI did not change in response to treatment, whereas in group III both the parameters had increased significantly on day 8 (P < 0.05). The results of the present experiment indicated enhancement of antioxidative and cellular defense and reduction of somatic cell count in the mastitic animals treated with Enrofloxacin and Vitamin E plus Selenium as compared to the Enrofloxacin treatment alone. Hence Vitamin E plus selenium therapy may be added along with the antibiotics for effective amelioration of intramammary infection in buffaloes.     

非生物逆境对植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶作用的影响研究进展

指出了植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)含有高度保守的氨基酸残基,分为叶绿体型同工酶和非光合器官型同工酶,以各自特异方式调控细胞内过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度。APX基因编码区同源性较高,表达具有组织特异性,响应H2O2、热激转录因子(Heat shock factors,HSFs)等信号因子调节,可调控胁迫相关蛋白和转录因子的表达。非生物逆境胁迫下,过量表达APX,可有效清除物体内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),减轻过氧化损伤,提高植物抵御逆境的能力。     

苎麻胶质的基因型差异与成因及育种中利用的研究Ⅲ.苎麻胶质含量及其组分与过氧化物酶同工酶的关系

为了解苎麻胶质中各种成分的代谢机理，研究了25份苎麻品种胶质含量及其组分与植株过氧化物酶（POD）同工酶的关系。根据电泳图谱中POD酶带的数目、迁移率和酶活性，将供试品种分为4类；仅第二酶带（Rf=0.54)活性强的为第Ⅰ类型，仅第三酶带（Rf=0.59)活性强的为第Ⅱ类型，第Ⅲ类型的上述两条酶带活性均较强，第Ⅳ类型则此二酶带活性均较弱，苎麻胶质及胶质各组分的含量均以第Ⅱ类型品种最高，第Ⅰ类型品种最低，第Ⅲ，Ⅳ类型则介于上述二者之间，POD活性与木质素含量的线性回归方程为y=0.275-0.018x(r=0.801**)。     

酵母硒抗氧化作用及其对肥育猪肉品质影响的研究进展

猪肉消费在我国居民的肉类消费中占主导地位,随着生活水平的提高,消费者对猪肉品质提出更高的要求。研究发现,猪肉品质受遗传、营养、饲养管理和环境等因素影响,常用肉色、pH值、肌内脂肪、滴水损失、嫩度和风味等指标表示。氧化应激是影响猪肉品质的主要因素。硒是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的重要组成部分,可以通过催化减少有机氢过氧化物生成量而抵抗氧化应激。许多研究表明,在肥育猪日粮中添加酵母硒能有效改善肥育猪肉的抗氧化能力,改善肥育猪的肉色、pH值及系水力等指标,提高肥育猪的肉品质,延长了猪肉货架期。因此综述了酵母硒的抗氧化机理以及对肥育猪肉品质指标的影响,以期为改善肉质的营养措施提供科学依据。