渤海莱州湾春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼生物多样性的年代际变化

通过对1982、1993、2003和2008年渤海莱州湾海域位置相同的12个站位的鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查资料分析,研究了该海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成及生物多样性的年代际变化。结果表明,莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类大幅减少,由1982年的27种减少到2003年的12种和2008年的14种。鱼卵、仔稚鱼个体资源数量下降趋势明显,2008年个体数量分别为1982、1993和2003年的31.58%、0.61%和5.77%。种类组成相似性分析表明,莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成年代际间存在显著差异(P0.05),且有变动加快的趋势。生物多样性指数1993年最低,之后呈上升趋势。     

Coldwater RAS in an Arctic charr farm in Northern Norway

Use of coldwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are still very rare in Norway, and only two farms are producing Arctic charr. This project took place in one of these commercial Arctic charr farms; Villmarksfisk AS in Bardu, Northern Norway.The farm gets its make-up water from ground water that holds 5 °C year around. Temperature in the rearing water varies between 7.5 °C (“low”) to 12 °C (“high”) through the year. The biological filter in the RAS seems to work stable at both “low” and “high” temperatures, including after incidents when feeding has been stopped for a day and started on top again the day after. Such an extreme change in loading was measured as a 70% increase in TAN concentration, with only minor changes in nitrite levels recorded. The biofilter also kept the nitrite stable and low in spite of diurnal variation in TAN excretion at normal feeding regimes (every day in three periods at day-time).The farming concept is to stock the farm with wild caught juvenile fish for on-growing to market size fish (0.75–1.00 kg). A drop in growth rate during early autumn has been a main concern for the farm. This may reflect a seasonal shift in growth potential, sometimes referred to as “autumn depression”. Interestingly, there is little sign of seasonal changes in the growth of hatchery-produced fish tested in the farm. Sampling of water quality through the seasons in tanks holding fish undergoing such growth depressions indicate that TAN excretion is much higher per kg feed used in the wintertime than in the springtime. This observation corresponds with the lack of weight gain during wintertime despite that the fish is feeding. Thus, feed conversion calculations indicate that feed utilization also varies with season reaching its nadir during this period.Both challenges concerning RAS in cold water and strongly reduced growth in autumn and winter time, have been investigated from 2005 to 2007 in a project financed by the Norwegian research council and the partners in the agricultural framework agreement.     

长白落叶松纸浆材优良家系多性状联合选择研究

采用胸径木芯与伐倒木取样方法,对24年生长白落叶松优树子代测定林14个处理的生长性状、木芯材质性状、解析木材质性状及其制浆造纸特性进行了研究,结果表明:生长性状、木芯基本密度、木芯管胞性状均存在丰富的变异;家系间生长性状差异极显著;木芯基本密度、木芯管胞性状差异显著,家系遗传力在0.56 0.80之间;解析木基本密度、早材微纤丝角、管胞长度、早材壁腔比、木质素、阿拉伯糖含量、抗张强度、撕裂度等差异极显著,家系遗传力在0.64 0.86之间;晚材率、管胞长宽比、综纤维素含量等差异显著,家系遗传力在0.51 0.61,家系水平的材性改良潜力较大。生长性状与木芯管胞长度呈极显著正相关,与木芯基本密度、管胞长宽比相关不显著;木芯基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度以及管胞长宽比与解析木相应性状呈极显著正相关关系,且回归模型较为理想,可以利用胸径木芯各性状值预测其单株值,间接选择和评价纸浆材优良家系。通过生长性状、木芯基本密度和木芯管胞长宽比综合分析选出166、169为优良家系,根据解析木生长、材质以及纸张物理性状选出的优良家系与其结果一致。优良家系材积、木芯基本密度和木芯管胞长宽比的遗传增益(超过对照)分别为48.34%(38.80%)、14.01%(3.63%)和19.89%(6.42%)。     

乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对黑龙江水系乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)心、肝、肾、眼、肌肉和性腺共6种组织进行了9种同工酶(ADH、EST、G6PDH、GDH、IDH、LDH、MDH、POD、SOD)的分析。结果表明,乌苏里拟鲿EST、GDH、IDH、POD同工酶谱中存在不同程度的组织特异性,EST表现出明显的性别差异性。共记录19个基因位点,多态位点百分数P=21.05%,种群遗传偏离指数d=-1,该乌苏里拟鲿种群内部杂合子缺失较严重,偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,遗传多样性较低。     

黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析

[目的]研究黑河流域上游干流的水沙时空变化特征及其成因,为流域生态保护和水资源开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]选取黑河上游干流主要水文站近60a的实测径流、输沙及降雨资料,通过采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法,研究水沙变化特征及驱动因子。[结果]黑河上游干流径流量总体上从20世纪80年代以后呈增加趋势;输沙量从20世纪70年代开始呈不显著增加趋势,但莺落峡水文站输沙量从2001年开始呈显著下降趋势。[结论]降水增加是影响黑河上游径流量增多的重要原因;水土流失导致了札马什克站和祁连站输沙量的增加,而水库拦沙是莺落峡水文站输沙量显著减少的主要原因。     

A bioenergetics model of the entire life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback,gasterosteus aculeatus

A whole life‐cycle bioenergetic model based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory was proposed for the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To develop this model, experiments on growth and reproduction were performed: adult and juvenile growth, size at first reproduction and amount of eggs spawned by females were monitored under different feeding levels and temperatures. The DEB parameters were estimated, using Bayesian statistics, based on the data produced during these experiments and on other data found in the literature. The model fitted accurately the different data used for the calibration process and, in addition, predicted accurately the data sets used to assess its predictability. Our bioenergetic model of the whole life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback accounting for environmental variations could contribute in many ways to improved ecological assessment: supporting change of scale from individual to populations; developing new biomarkers of exposure and effect; analysing ecotoxicity tests with biology‐based models.     

Geomorphologic patterns of dune networks in the Tengger Desert,China

Dune networks are widely distributed in the world's deserts,which include primary ridges and secondary ridges.However,they have not been sufficiently studied in a systematic manner and their origins and spatial and morphological characteristics remain unclear.To provide information on the geomorphology of dune networks,we analyze the software geomorphologic patterns of the dune networks in China's Tengger Desert using matrix and laboratory to process remote-sensing images.Based on analysis of image features and their layout in a topographic map,we identify two types of dune networks (square and rectangular dune networks) with different size and morphological structures in the Tengger Desert.Four important geomorphic pattern parameters,ridge length,spacing,orientation and defect density,are analyzed.The length of primary ridges of dune networks decreases from northwest of the desert to the southeast,resulting an increasing spacing and a transition from rectangular dune networks to square dune networks.Wind regime and sediment supply are responsible for the variation in pattern parameters.We use the spacing and defect density data to estimate the construction time of dune networks and found that the dune networks in the Tengger Desert formed since about 1.3 ka BP.     

龙岩国家森林公园冬季负离子浓度变化特征

于2016年1月份连续7 d,对龙岩国家森林公园5类游憩地15个检测点的空气负离子浓度、气象因子等数据进行实测,进行数据分析,结果表明:(1)园内空气负离子浓度日均值为7 108.06个/cm3,达到世界卫生组织所规定的具有保健效果的浓度;(2)园内林地负离子浓度日变化规律基本为双峰式,在07:00—09:00出现第1次峰值,在13:00—15:00出现第2次峰值;次生林在13:00—15:00达到1 d中的最高值;茶园内空气负离子浓度日变化规律整体呈现从07:00—17:00逐渐下降的趋势;动态水的峰值出现在09:00—11:00,15:00—17:00 2个时段内;(3)园内日均负离子浓度含量从高到低依次为:水体旁、茶园、次生林、空旷地、天然林;(4)气象因子与负离子浓度的相关性研究显示,负离子浓度与相对湿度呈极显著负相关,而同气压呈显著正相关。     

海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征研究张萍1，2，刘宪斌1，李宝华2，白明2，李彤2，王娟娟2

2009—2013年选取春末、夏中、秋初3个季节对海河干流浮游植物进行连续5年的调查与监测,系统分析了海河干流浮游植物种类组成、密度、生物量、优势种、优势度、群落结构以及生物多样性组成,探讨其变化趋势和主要原因,运用单因子方差分析（ ANOVA）分别对各年度间密度和生物量进行差异显著性检验,并利用马加利夫（ Margalef）物种丰富度指数对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明：海河干流浮游植物隶属8门92属181种。绿藻门在细胞密度和种类组成上都占绝对优势,其次为蓝藻门和硅藻门。主要优势种为：绿藻门的四尾栅藻、小球藻、卵囊藻、月牙藻和卡德藻;蓝藻门的微囊藻、胶鞘藻、螺旋藻、颤藻和蓝纤维藻;硅藻门的小环藻、菱形藻和舟形藻;隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻和卵形隐藻。海河干流浮游植物密度和生物量整体变化呈逐年下降的趋势。密度以2009年5月最高,为14936.63×104 cells／L,而在2013年5月最低,为493.6×104 cells ／L;生物量峰值为206.82 mg／L,最低值为4.74 mg／L。经ANOVA检验,这两者在各年份间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;五年间,浮游植物群落多样性指数变化不大,基本持平,丰富度指数呈逐年下降趋势,均匀度呈逐年上升态势。海河干流浮游植物多样性指数较低,群落稳定性较差。丰富度指数分析表明,海河干流的水质处于α中污—重污型阶段。     

Five decades of glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in the arid regions of Northwest China. Glaciers provide a large proportion of water resources for human production and living. Studies of glacier changes and their impact on water resources in the arid lands are of vital importance. A joint expedition was carried out in 2010 for investigating glaciers in the Hulugou Basin, which is located in the upper reaches of Heihe River. Therefore, glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains during the past 50 years were analyzed in this study by comparing topographic maps, satellite images, digital elevation models and field observation data from different periods. Results showed that the total area of the 6 glaciers in the Hulugou Basin decreased by 0.590±0.005 km2 during the period 1956–2011, corresponding to a loss of 40.7% over the total area in 1956. The average area reduction rate of the 6 glaciers is 0.011 km2/a. During the past five decades, the glacier shrinkage was accelerated. The changes in glacier ice surface elevation ranged from –15 to 3 m with an average thinning of 10±8 m or an annual decrease of 0.23±0.18 m(0.20±0.15 m/a water equivalent) for the period 1956–2000. The area of Shiyi Glacier in the Hulugou Basin decreased from 0.64 km2 in 1956 to 0.53 km2 in 2011 with a reduction rate of 17.2%. The Shiyi Glacier had been divided into two separated glaciers because of severe melting. Comparative analysis showed that glacier shrinkage in the Hulugou Basin is more serious than that in the other regions of Qilian Mountains.