烤烟上部叶带茎烘烤水分状态及形态变化分析

[目的]探讨带茎烘烤烟叶失水干燥特性,为优化烤烟烘烤工艺提供参考依据.[方法]测定带茎烘烤过程烟叶叶片和主脉的水分含量、状态及形态收缩率,与不带茎烟叶进行比较,并将烟叶水分指标与形态指标进行相关性分析.[结果]带茎烘烤烟叶的整叶、叶片及主脉水含率均高于不带茎烟叶;带茎烟叶水分迁移表现为茎秆中的自由水向主脉和叶片迁移,使带茎烟叶叶片和主脉自由水含量和所占比例均高于不带茎烟叶.干叶前带茎烟叶叶片厚度收缩率显著小于不带茎烟叶叶片(P<0.05,下同),干叶后带茎烟叶叶片厚度收缩率显著大于不带茎烟叶叶片;烘烤过程带茎烟叶主脉直径收缩率显著小于不带茎烟叶;烘烤过程烟叶叶片和主脉自由水含量与其水含率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).[结论]烟叶形态收缩与自由水含量及其水含率密切相关,可根据烟叶形态收缩判断烘烤过程烟叶水分含量和状态.     

木荷地理种源苗期性状遗传变异研究

对采自6省(区)37个木荷种源种子进行了苗期试验,结果表明：木荷种源间苗高、地径、生物量有着极显著的差异,且有较高的广义遗传力。木荷苗高生长以8-9月份为速生期,这时期的生长占年生长的50％～56％,苗高和地径生长与纬度呈极显著负相关,说明通过木荷种源选择,能取得较好的效果,并初步筛选出广东开平、阳山、韶关,福建华安,江西上犹等苗期生长表现突出的种源。     

Five decades of glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in the arid regions of Northwest China. Glaciers provide a large proportion of water resources for human production and living. Studies of glacier changes and their impact on water resources in the arid lands are of vital importance. A joint expedition was carried out in 2010 for investigating glaciers in the Hulugou Basin, which is located in the upper reaches of Heihe River. Therefore, glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains during the past 50 years were analyzed in this study by comparing topographic maps, satellite images, digital elevation models and field observation data from different periods. Results showed that the total area of the 6 glaciers in the Hulugou Basin decreased by 0.590±0.005 km2 during the period 1956–2011, corresponding to a loss of 40.7% over the total area in 1956. The average area reduction rate of the 6 glaciers is 0.011 km2/a. During the past five decades, the glacier shrinkage was accelerated. The changes in glacier ice surface elevation ranged from –15 to 3 m with an average thinning of 10±8 m or an annual decrease of 0.23±0.18 m(0.20±0.15 m/a water equivalent) for the period 1956–2000. The area of Shiyi Glacier in the Hulugou Basin decreased from 0.64 km2 in 1956 to 0.53 km2 in 2011 with a reduction rate of 17.2%. The Shiyi Glacier had been divided into two separated glaciers because of severe melting. Comparative analysis showed that glacier shrinkage in the Hulugou Basin is more serious than that in the other regions of Qilian Mountains.     

西北地区东部耕作层土壤湿度近22年变化分析

利用西北地区东部17个测站1981～2002年3～10月固定地点测得0～30 cm土壤湿度资料,分析了近22 a来西北地区东部耕作层土壤湿度的空间变化和时间变化。结果表明:土壤湿度自西南向东北减少;1981～2002年呈现明显下降趋势,20世纪80年代前半期处于峰值;湿度变化大多有5～6 a的周期,1986～1988年为较为一致的干旱时期;春、夏、秋三季中春季湿度最小,秋季最大;22 a中春、秋季湿度下降明显,显著减少区位于陇中。     

应用137Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀的若干问题探讨

[目的]探讨用~(137)Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀量方法(以下简称"~(137)Cs示踪方法")所存在的几个关键问题,促进该方法的标准化和系统化。[方法]对大量已发表的相关文献进行分析,根据作者的研究经验,归纳出~(137)Cs示踪方法在实践应用中所存在的核心问题。[结果]~(137)Cs示踪方法中关于~(137)Cs在空间是均匀分布的假设存在不合理性,不能直接用于定量估算单钻点取样的土壤侵蚀量。~(137)Cs活度的空间变化存在随机性的成分。敏感度和不确定性分析结果证明~(137)Cs活度的空间随机变化量是~(137)Cs示踪方法不确性的最大来源。[结论]可以用多钻点样本平均值来减少~(137)Cs随机变化量所引起的侵蚀估算误差。以统计学为基础的试验设计和采取独立样本的办法可以消除该误差。虽然~(137)Cs模型已被广泛应用,但由于缺乏长期观测资料诸多模型还处在理论研究阶段,没有得到严格的验证和评判。因为不同模型估算的侵蚀量差别甚大,模型验证和筛选对该方法的成功运用至关重要。     

高粱抗旱性状的变异系数与杂种优势

对6个杂交种及其相应亲本在水地、旱地两种环境条件下9个性状的变异系数和杂种优势进行了统计分析。变异系数旱地变幅较大，表现在二级技梗数的变异上，水地变异幅度相差2．3倍，而旱地变异幅度则相差4．4倍。在杂种优势的表现上，水地明显超过旱地，这说明培育高产抗旱杂交种的难度所在。从而提出在旱地育种上，在注意提高茎叶重的前提下，直接选择二、三级枝梗数多的材料，有可能培育出抗旱和杂种优势强的杂交种。     

1901-2013年塔吉克斯坦极端降水事件时空变化特征

根据Climate Research Unite(CRU) 1901-2013年最新0.5.×0.5.网格点的逐月潜在蒸散量和降水数据,.运用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法,探究了塔吉克斯坦过去113 a极端降水事件的特征及其区域差异.结果表明:①过去113 a,塔吉克斯坦年、春季、秋季和冬季的极端降水事件都呈增加趋势,其增势分别为:0.33次·(10a)-1、0.15次·(10a)-1、0.07次·(10a)-1和0.20次·(10a)-1,而夏季呈轻微的减少趋势;年和四季都发生了明显突变,且存在变化周期.②东部的戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州年、春季、秋季和冬季的极端降水事件发生频次相对较高,哈特隆州西南部和索格特州西北地区极端降水事件发生频次相对较低;而夏季极端降水事件在戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州西部、索格特州的北部地区和哈特隆州的东部发生频次较高,在塔吉克斯坦最西部和东部则发生频次较低.在塔吉克斯坦的哈特隆州和中央直属区的东部,以及戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州的极端降水事件增势最为明显.     

1982-2006年华北植被指数时空变化特征

利用1982-2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,研究华北近25 a来植被指数在时间和空间上的变化。结果表明:①植被指数的年内变化呈单峰型,最大值出现在夏季,其中北京市NDVI最大,森林NDVI比农田和草地NDVI大;②华北年平均NDVI呈增加趋势,河北省植被指数增加最快,北京市次之,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田NDVI增加最快,草地次之,森林最小;③空间趋势分析结果显示,华北植被指数改善的面积占整个地区面积的15.96%,退化面积占11.86%,其中,河北省改善面积最大,内蒙古退化较明显,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田植被改善最明显;④基于华北近年暖干化发展趋势下,人类活动对该区域NDVI变化起到了重要作用。     

Allelic variation, sequence determination and microsatellite screening at the XGWM261 locus in Chinese hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties

Wheat microsatellite XGWM261, due to its closely linked to the dwarfing gene Rht8, has been adopted as the diagnostic molecular marker of Rht8. Screening 408 Chinese and 98 exotic varieties showed 13 allele variants in locus of XGWM261, with 6 alleles only to be found in Chinese varieties and 2 only in exotic varieties, respectively. Sequencing results of the 13 alleles revealed their absolute fragment sizes with 216, 212, 210, 206, 204, 202, 200, 196, 194, 192, 190, 174, and 164 bp, respectively. Allelic distribution analysis showed that the 204, 192, 174, and 164 bp alleles were prevailing in Chinese varieties, and the diagnostic 192 bp allele to Rht8 had a very high percentage in the Yellow and Huai River Valleys Facultative Wheat Zone than in the Northern Winter Wheat Zone in China. The GT → AC substitution at position 35 was found in 216, 200, and 174 bp alleles. Moreover, the AG insertion immediately at the end of CT-repeat region was also found in 216, 200, 174, and 164 bp alleles.     

Oil yield and quality variation between sexes in Osyris lanceolata (African sandalwood) and its value as a fodder plant in Tanzania

African sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) is widely harvested in East Africa for extraction of oil, which is used in the fragrance and perfumery industry. Over the years, harvesting of the species has been concentrated to female plants because it is claimed that they yield more and better quality oil compared to males. However, data to support these claims is lacking. Osyris lanceolata is also used extensively by pastoralists as feed supplement during the dry season, yet little information on the species’ nutritive value exists. Oil yield and quality variations between male and female O. lanceolata and its nutritive values were evaluated to ascertain the purported reasons for sex selectivity in harvesting, and to determine the potential value of the species as a fodder plant. Oil yield was determined by extracting oil from a known amount of wood, while quality assessment was done by determining the amount of santalol, a prime determinant of sandalwood oil quality. The species’ potential as a fodder plant was determined by analyzing the nutritive value and digestibility of leaves and fruits. There was no significant variation (p = 0.856) in oil yield between sexes, though populations differed significantly (P < 0.001). The highest oil yield was 9.32 ± 0.611%. Likewise, sexes did not differ significantly (P = 0.655) in oil quality, though populations differed significantly (P < 0.001). The highest santalol content was 11.1%. It is concluded that sex selectivity during harvesting has no relation to oil yield and quality. However, population selectivity is strongly justified due to the huge variation in oil yield and quality, and is likely to be the major reason for over-exploiting some populations. It is recommended that there is a need to refrain from overharvesting of females within populations, since the practice is likely to erode the genetic vigour of the species and affect its sustainability. Nutritive studies revealed the species to have 15.9–19.7% crude protein, 15.9–24.0% crude fibre, 0.77–0.81% fat/oil, 97.5–97.8% dry matter, 8.5–10.3% ash content, 72.2–72.4% digestibility. These figures are within the acceptable range, suggesting that both leaves and fruits of the species are a potential alternative source of animal protein where protein supplements are not available or expensive.