圈养大熊猫主食竹的氨基酸分析

拟通过对大熊猫主食竹中氨基酸含量及其相互间比例的分析,为圈养大熊猫的饲料配方中平衡氨基酸提供理论参考依据。采集了大熊猫喜食的3个产地4种竹叶和竹杆样品各1 7个,共34个样品,并测定了其中1 7种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,竹样品中谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,其中竹叶中为1 .37%±0 .1 8% ,竹杆中为0 .2 8%±0 .0 6% ;其次为天冬氨酸(Asp)、亮氨酸(Leu)、丙氨酸(Ala)、缬氨酸(Val)、赖氨酸(Lys)、脯氨酸(Pro)、甘氨酸(Gly)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、酪氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、精氨酸(Arg) ;半胱氨酸(Cys)含量最低,竹叶中为0 .0 7%±0 .0 4% ,竹杆中为0 .0 4%±0 .0 5 %。竹叶中除Cys含量显著(P <0 .0 5 )高于竹杆外,其余所有氨基酸含量都极显著(P <0 .0 1 )高于竹杆。竹叶中总非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的平均含量为6.2 8%±0 .79% ,竹杆中为4.32 %±2 .5 8% ;竹叶总必需氨基酸(EAA)平均含量为4.66%±0 .5 9% ,竹杆中为3.2 0 %±1 .98%。竹叶和竹杆中NEAA/EAA平均比值分别为1 .35±0 .0 8和1 .2 2±0 .47。     

Osmoregulation,growth and moulting cycles of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) at different salinities

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is a species with a high commercial value in aquaculture. Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of salinities on the osmoregulation, growth and molting cycles of M. rosenbergii during growout. The first experiment was designed to determine whether these animals are capable of adapting to the changes in salinity seen in salinity intrusions in tropical deltas, with an incremental increase in salinity of 3‰ per day from 0‰ to 30‰ Haemolymph osmolality was rapidly regulated up to salinities of 15‰ , whereas animals conformed at higher salinities. The second experiment determined the growth, moulting cycle, osmolality, muscle water content and mortality during a 4‐month experiment at 0‰, 15‰ or 25‰ salinity. The weight gains in 0‰ and 15‰ were not significantly different and were comparable to the growth rates achieved in production farms with body mass increases of 2.6 and 2.3‐fold their initial body mass, respectively, after 4 months. The 25‰ group suffered from low growth, high mortality and a significantly lower moulting frequency. These data show that this species can be reared in brackish water up to 15‰, allowing for farming in the large areas impacted by salt water intrusions in tropical deltas.     

Spawning of female Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is not impacted by muscle injection of dsRNA targeted to gill‐associated virus

The ability of domesticated Penaeus monodon, Black Tiger shrimp, to spawn following tail‐muscle injection of dsRNA was examined. Ablated domesticated female broodstock infected subclinically with gill‐associated virus (GAV) were injected with saline or a cocktail of five‐dsRNAs targeting different regions in the GAV ORF1a/1b gene. To track changes in GAV infection loads, TaqMan real‐time PCR was used to quantify mean viral RNA amounts in each of three pleopod clips collected at the time of injection (Day 0) and either immediately after a female spawned or on Day 11 when the trial was terminated. Over the trial, 4 of 19 (21%) saline‐injected shrimp spawned and 12 of 25 (48%) dsRNA‐injected shrimp spawned, with one spawning twice. Egg numbers varied from 25 600 to 459 800 for the saline‐injected shrimp and from 4900 to 213 900 for the dsRNA‐injected shrimp. Of these, one of the four egg batches hatched from saline‐injected shrimp and 9 of the 13 egg batches hatched from dsRNA‐injected shrimp. While variable, egg numbers and hatch rates recorded were typical of those obtained from domesticated broodstock at the commercial hatchery and particularly among females previously spawned. Mean GAV RNA amounts detected in pleopod samples increased in five of the eight saline‐injected shrimp tested by 1.6–227.4‐fold and decreased in 12 of the 15 ds‐RNA‐injected shrimp tested by ?1.1 to ?45.1‐fold. The study demonstrated that tail‐muscle injection of GAV‐specific dsRNA does not adversely impact the ability of P. monodon to spawn.     

Viable aquaculture development in the U.S. affiliated islands‐lessons from giant clam and sponge farming

Abstract

The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture (CTSA), which is funded by the U. S. Department of Agriculture as one of its Regional Aquaculture Centers, has assisted giant clam and sponge fanning technology development and technology transfer within the region since 1989. Six species of giant clam and one species of bath sponge can currently be commercially produced in the region. After over 12 years of intensive effort by CTSA to develop and transfer technology, the production of giant clam and bath sponges has yet to make any significant contribution to the local economy.

By self‐evaluation of our efforts and the continuing efforts of others, this paper provides possible solutions on aquaculture development related factors, which include biological, technological, environmental, and socioeconomic. Recommendations are made on viable aquaculture development in the region based on our experiences. Amongst other factors, the government's commitment to aquaculture and the resulting actions are vital. Farming technology for giant clams and sponges are also briefly reviewed.     

Effects of Nitrate Concentration on Larval Development of the Giant River Prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract

The effect of nitrate concentration on giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, larvae was investigated. Survival rate, weight gain, and larval development were evaluated for different concentrations of nitrate in three experiments. The experiments were divided in to two phases. In the first phase, larvae from stages I through VIII were analysed, while in the second phase larvae from stage VIII through post-larvae metamorphosis were analysed. Oxygen consumption was also determined for zoea I, II, and VIII exposed to 0, 700, and 1,000 mg/L of nitrate-N. No effect was observed for concentrations up to 180 mg/L NO₃-N (experiments I and II), and nitrate levels as 1,000 mg/L NO₃-N did not affect survival in the first phase of the third experiment. On the other hand, larval stage index (LSI) and weight gain decreased as nitrate-N concentration increased from 0 to 1,000 mg/L. In the second phase, survival and metamorphosis rate decreased as nitrate concentration increased, according to a linear model. The effect of nitrate levels on weight gain followed a curvilinear pattern. Larval respiration decreased in the water where nitrate was added, but only during stage II. The results demonstrated that nitrate presents extremely low toxicity for giant river prawn larvae, and data were related to the levels of nitrate that usually occur in larviculture systems also discussed. Therefore, nitrate is not a limiting factor for giant river prawn larviculture.     

不同年龄大熊猫肠道菌群及其酶活特征分析

旨在探究年龄对大熊猫个体肠道微生态的影响。本研究采集大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）（J₁（亚成年大熊猫个体）、J₂（成年大熊猫个体）、J₃（老年大熊猫个体））的新鲜粪便,基于16S rRNA基因技术,测定不同年龄的大熊猫个体肠道细菌组成,分析其物理和化学特征及酶活特异性,利用冗余分析（redundant analysis,RDA）分析大熊猫肠道微生物菌群丰度与其环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：在门水平上,变形菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而升高,厚壁菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;在属水平上,链球菌属的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;淀粉酶和纤维素酶的酶活力在J₂肠道最高,淀粉酶活力在J₃肠道最低,纤维素酶活力在J₁肠道最低,蛋白酶活力在J₁肠道最高,在J₃肠道最低;厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度均与淀粉酶活力和还原糖含量呈正相关,变形菌门的相对丰度与还原糖含量和氨基酸含量呈负相关。研究表明,不同年龄大熊猫个体的肠道微生物菌群的表现特征不同,其肠道细菌优势菌的相对丰度与其消化酶等环境因子存在相关性;建议需对亚成年大熊猫加强饮食和生活环境管理,并可以通过添加益生菌等方式加强对老年大熊猫肠道健康的管理。     

基于叠加柔性铰链的超磁致伸缩驱动器建模与实验

为了满足高精度、大行程的需求,设计了一种基于尺蠖运动方式的超磁致伸缩直线驱动器,通过前、后箝位机构和驱动机构的相互配合,实现了驱动器的步进式位移输出。采用叠加式柔性铰链作为弹性元件,有效地改善了柔性铰链的受力情况,采用有限元法进行了强度校核和模态分析。计算了叠加式柔性铰链的等效刚度,建立了直线驱动器的动力学模型,对设计的样机进行了实验测试。实验结果表明,建立的位移模型和实验结果基本一致,最大相对误差为1.86%;设计的驱动器稳定工作电压为1～3V,最小和最大单步位移分别为4.55、12.01μm,最高工作频率为150Hz,最快速度为1.34mm/s;位移输出状态稳定,单步位移最大相对误差为2.69%。     

巨胚功能稻的营养成分分析

分别测定了巨胚稻和相应非巨胚稻（对照）糙米的粗白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分等4种主要营养成分,17种氨基酸、9种矿物质、5种维生素和γ-氨基丁酸含量。结果表明：（1）同对照相比,巨胚稻糙米的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分含量均有提高,平均增幅分别为11.14%、106.09%、42.21%和10.17%;（2）较对照,巨胚稻的17种氨基酸含量普遍提高,必需氨基酸含量提高2.52%-35.62%,氨基酸总量提高4.77%~37.09%;（3）巨胚稻的矿物质元素含量丰富,相比非巨胚对照,其Ca、Fe、Zn、Mn、Mg、P、K、Na和Cd的平均含量分别提高了42.89%、47.96%、38.08%、37.75%、1.75%、5.51%、13.88%、16.13%和36.69%;（4）巨胚稻的VB1、VB2、VPP、VE和叶酸含量均高于相应非巨胚对照,增幅为2.50%~214.81%;（5）巨胚稻糙米的功能成分γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）含量比相应非巨胚对照增加,平均增幅达286.58%。巨胚稻富含各种营养成分,是一种高营养功能型的稻米品系。     

大熊猫多器官功能障碍综合征的病理学观察

对一只野生大熊猫因创伤继发细菌感染引起的多器官功能障碍综合征而死亡的病例进行了系统的病理学观察。结果表明大熊猫多器官功能障碍综合征的剖检病变主要表现为腹水,肝、肾肿大,脾脏体积缩小,被膜皱缩;胃及小肠黏膜充血,出血,胰腺水肿,肾上腺肿大,心包积液,心脏扩张;肺充血,出血。病理组织学变化主要表现为全身多器官的水肿,变性,坏死和炎症细胞浸润及心、肺、肾、脑等器官的毛细血管兼或小血管内形成微血栓。