大鲵细菌性疾病研究进展

为深入了解和治疗大鲵(Andrias davidianus)细菌性疾病,针对已知的大鲵细菌性疾病的致病病原菌、发病的临床特征及诊断防治措施进行了简单概述,并提出了相应研究展望。     

Telemetry research on elusive wildlife: A synthesis of studies on giant pandas

Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts. For example, telemetry studies of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) have shed light on many aspects of panda biology, but small sample sizes in each separate study make it difficult to draw broad conclusions. To overcome this problem we conducted the first synthesis of all 5 panda telemetry studies conducted to date. Using these data we investigated patterns in 6 main topics: home range, space–use interactions, core areas, movement patterns, seasonal migration and natal dispersal. We found that panda home range sizes do not vary between 2 main mountain ranges (Qionglai and Qinling), as was previously believed. Our results also suggest that female pandas increase their movement in the mating season: a behavior typically attributed only to males. We found and summarized telemetry and genetic evidence for female natal dispersal in the giant panda. Our synthesis highlights the need for additional research relating panda behavior to human disturbance factors, and can aid future studies on giant pandas as well as other species.     

老年大熊猫的饲养管理与医疗保健要点

老年大熊猫的数量随着圈养时间的推移在逐年增加,由此带来的老年大熊猫饲养管理问题也越发凸显出来;因此,研究老年大熊猫的饲养管理以及探寻老年大熊猫医疗保健方法,对于提高老年大熊猫的福利具有现实意义。本文对中国大熊猫保护研究中心圈养老年大熊猫的饲养管理和保健措施进行总结,阐述老年大熊猫的日常管理、医疗保健等饲养管理要点,通过个性化的饲料与饲喂方法,定期体检、早发现早诊断,定期修剪趾甲,防暑防寒,适当活动,避免应激等措施,提高了老年大熊猫的生活质量和体质,对保持大熊猫种群整体的健康水平极其重要,为逐步开展大熊猫养老研究提供了科学依据。     

Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of Shewanella xiamenensis isolated from giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) in Taiwan

Shewanella xiamenensis is an emerging pathogen causing intra‐abdominal infection and intestinal colonization. Epidemiologic clues suggest its role as a potential food‐borne zoonotic agent. To date, four genome sequences of S. xiamenensis have been made publicly available. All of them were isolated from water samples. In this study, we characterized the genome of a S. xiamenensis strain isolated from a giant grouper in Taiwan. The genome of S. xiamenensis ZYW1 is 4,827,717 bp in length and encodes 4,239 open reading frames. Its genomic sequence shares high homology with other S. xiamenensis strains. bla_OXA‐416 was identified. This is the first detection of S. xiamenensis in Taiwan. These genomic data and analyses contribute to our understanding of S. xiamenensis and may help to elucidate disease‐causing mechanisms in future studies.     

不同年龄大熊猫肠道菌群及其酶活特征分析

旨在探究年龄对大熊猫个体肠道微生态的影响。本研究采集大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）（J₁（亚成年大熊猫个体）、J₂（成年大熊猫个体）、J₃（老年大熊猫个体））的新鲜粪便,基于16S rRNA基因技术,测定不同年龄的大熊猫个体肠道细菌组成,分析其物理和化学特征及酶活特异性,利用冗余分析（redundant analysis,RDA）分析大熊猫肠道微生物菌群丰度与其环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：在门水平上,变形菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而升高,厚壁菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;在属水平上,链球菌属的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;淀粉酶和纤维素酶的酶活力在J₂肠道最高,淀粉酶活力在J₃肠道最低,纤维素酶活力在J₁肠道最低,蛋白酶活力在J₁肠道最高,在J₃肠道最低;厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度均与淀粉酶活力和还原糖含量呈正相关,变形菌门的相对丰度与还原糖含量和氨基酸含量呈负相关。研究表明,不同年龄大熊猫个体的肠道微生物菌群的表现特征不同,其肠道细菌优势菌的相对丰度与其消化酶等环境因子存在相关性;建议需对亚成年大熊猫加强饮食和生活环境管理,并可以通过添加益生菌等方式加强对老年大熊猫肠道健康的管理。     

银芦、意大利芦苇和芦苇的名实辨析

蒲苇、花叶芦竹和芦苇是目前国内园林应用较为广泛的观赏草。由于同科,生物学特征有许多相似之处,加之科普认知、市场误导等的影响,使3者在行业内外造成了名实混淆的现象。该文通过文献查阅和实践调查,认为"银芦"、"意大利芦苇"应归始正名为蒲苇和花叶芦竹。     

青贮时间对巨型稻秸秆青贮发酵感官评分与营养品质的影响

试验旨在研究青贮时间对巨型稻秸秆青贮发酵感官评分与营养品质的影响,确定适宜的青贮发酵时间.试验测定3个不同青贮时间(7、14、28 d)巨型稻秸秆的感官评分以及营养品质.结果 表明,青贮时间为7d时,巨型稻秸秆含水量约50％,青贮品质评分最高,评定为优等;此时,青贮料的粗蛋白含量达到最高,为6.83％,粗脂肪、灰分、粗...     

中国大鲵养殖繁育技术的探讨

通过１９８７ ～１９９８ 年连续１２ 年对中国大鲵（ Ａｎｄｒｉａｓ ｄａｖｉｄｉａｎｕｓ） 进行养殖繁育技术的研究,取得一定的成果。养殖周年成活率达７５ ％ ～９０ ％ ,从１９８９ 年起至今已连续１０ 年产卵,从１９９１ 年起至今已连续８ 年人工孵化出大鲵幼苗。     

Lineage‐specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation

Taste 2 receptors (TAS2R) mediate bitterness perception in mammals, thus are called bitter taste receptors. It is believed that these genes evolved in response to species‐specific diets. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens styani) in the order Carnivora are specialized herbivores with an almost exclusive bamboo diet (>90% bamboo). Because bamboo is full of bitter tasting compounds, we hypothesized that adaptive evolution has occurred at TAS2R genes in giant and red pandas throughout the course of their dietary shift. Here, we characterized 195 TAS2R genes in 9 Carnivora species and examined selective pressures on these genes. We found that both pandas harbor more putative functional TAS2R genes than other carnivores, and pseudogenized TAS2R genes in the giant panda are different from the red panda. The purifying selection on TAS2R1, TAS2R9 and TAS2R38 in the giant panda, and TAS2R62 in the red panda, has been strengthened throughout the course of adaptation to bamboo diet, while selective constraint on TAS2R4 and TAS2R38 in the red panda is relaxed. Remarkably, a few positively selected sites on TAS2R42 have been specifically detected in the giant panda. These results suggest an adaptive response in both pandas to a dietary shift from carnivory to herbivory, and TAS2R genes evolved independently in the 2 pandas. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of mammalian sensory evolution and the process of adaptation to new ecological niches.     

大熊猫粪便中纤维素降解菌的筛选及其产酶条件的优化

本试验旨在从大熊猫粪便中筛选出能够降解纤维素的菌株,并对该菌株进行鉴定和产酶条件的优化。利用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)为唯一碳源的培养基,结合碘液染色法、滤纸分解试验和纤维素酶活力测定,从大熊猫粪便中筛选得到1株纤维素降解菌DL。结合形态学观察、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析,初步鉴定该菌株为Paenibacillus cookii LZ033,它是一种产芽孢且好氧的革兰氏阳性菌。为确定菌株DL的最佳产酶条件,选取培养基初始pH、培养温度、摇床转速以及装液量4个因素,在单因素试验结果的基础上,利用正交试验,确定菌株DL的最佳产酶条件为培养基初始pH为6、培养温度为35℃、摇床转速为125 r/min、250 mL三角瓶装液量为100 mL,在此条件下纤维素酶活力(以滤纸酶活力表示)为102.3 U/mL。