Latitudinal and seasonal variation in reproductive effort of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus)

Geographic variation in life‐history traits among populations of wide‐ranging species is influenced by both spatial and temporal aspects of the environment. Rarely, however, are the effects of both aspects examined concurrently. We collected gravid female lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from northern (Indiana), central (Mississippi) and southern (Florida) populations, spanning nearly the full latitudinal range of the species, to examine amongpopulation differences in strategies of reproductive energy allocation. Adult females from the southern population were smaller, and produced fewer and smaller eggs in their first clutches than did females from the more northern populations. Southern females were more likely to produce a second clutch, and second clutches were smaller than first clutches for females from the 2 northern populations. Together these trends eliminated population differences in overall reproductive output after accounting for body size. The trend for greater reproductive energy to be allocated to first clutches at higher latitudes, and to later clutches at lower latitudes is corroborated by published data from field studies on multiple populations. Distributing reproductive effort by producing more clutches of smaller eggs may be an adaptive response to the long season available for egg incubation and lizard activity in sub‐tropical southern environments. In contrast, allocating greater resources to early reproduction may enhance maternal fitness in the relatively short activity seasons that characterize more northern sites.     

基于Visual C＋＋和MapX的甘蔗地理信息系统的开发

在Visual C＋＋环境下利用MapX控件开发了甘蔗地理信息系统（GIS）,着重介绍了利用Visual C＋＋与MapX控件进行混合编程的基本方法,为进一步利用MapX控件开发GIS应用软件奠定基础。     

基于AHP-熵权TOPSIS模型的辽宁省各城市土地承载力评价

[目的]定量分析评价辽宁省各城市土地承载力状况并对其障碍因子进行诊断,为辽宁省土地利用合理开发提供建议,也为区域土地承载力评价研究提供新思路。[方法]以辽宁省14个地级市作为研究区域,基于2018年Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,进行土地利用分类获得土地各类型用地面积并结合社会经济数据,构建了土地承载力评价指标体系,并利用AHP-熵权TOPSIS模型,对土地资源承载力进行评价。运用障碍度模型对土地承载力障碍因子进行诊断。[结果]辽宁省城市分别呈现不同的承载力状态。盘锦市、大连市以及沈阳市土地承载力相对较高,但社会子系统是制约其土地承载力的主要障碍因素。鞍山市和营口市承载力表现为相对低的状态,其经济子系统的是制约土地承载力提高的主要因素。[结论]辽宁省各城市土地承载力距离其理想状态还有着一定距离,应促进社会、经济、资源3个子系统协调发展进而提高土地承载力。     

基于Google Earth Engine的典型峰丛洼地石漠化时空演变与驱动因子分析——以西畴县为例

石漠化是岩溶地区阻碍经济可持续发展、影响生态环境的重大问题,随着近几十年石漠化治理的开展,石漠化扩张的趋势已经得到了极大遏制。以我国典型峰丛洼地地貌的云南省文山州西畴县为研究区,基于遥感云计算平台Google Earth Engine(GEE)以1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年四期Landsat遥感影像为数据源,利用转移矩阵分析西畴县近30年石漠化动态变化,并采用地理探测器分析了西畴县石漠化形成的驱动因子。主要结论如下:(1)30年间西畴县石漠化演变总体呈现先小幅减少,再扩张,然后大幅减少的趋势,从时间上来看1990—2000年,石漠化类型转变主要是轻度和潜在石漠化向无石漠化转移,2000—2010年石漠化类型转变主要是无石漠化向潜在和轻度石漠化转移,2010—2020年石漠化类型转变主要是潜在、轻度和中度石漠化向无石漠化转移; 从空间上来看,西畴县石漠化分布北重南轻,在石漠化治理成效上,整体都呈现好转,石漠化改善面积为850.183 km²,在莲花塘乡西北部、新马街乡的东北部、鸡街乡和西洒镇的交界处也存在零星恶化,恶化面积为51.715 km²。(2)1990—2020年30年间,西畴县石漠化治理取得了巨大成效,到2020年西畴县无石漠化土地面积已经达到940.854 km²,共有648.476 km²的石漠化土地转化成无石漠化土地;(3)地理探测器分析结果表明西畴县石漠化形成的主要驱动因子为坡度和GDP交互作用(q=0.645),人口密度和GDP交互作用(q=0.639)这两对组合。(4)通过编程在遥感计算云平台Google Earth Engine(GEE)上在线获取和处理遥感数据,可以较大限度地提高工作效率。利用云计算实现石漠化表征因子的提取,解决相关地学问题,可为后续相关研究提供强有力的技术支撑。     

农产品地理标志保护中利益相关者的界定研究

介绍了利益相关者理论的概念及界定方法,阐述了我国农产品地理标志发展的现状,最后论述了利益相关者理论在农产品地理标志保护中的应用,并对保护过程中各利益相关者进行了界定,以期为农业产业发展提供具体可行的建议和措施。     

GIS支持下安徽省近35 a参考作物蒸散量的时空变化

参考作物蒸散量是重要的水分资源分量。为了研究气候变化条件下安徽省参考作物蒸散量的变化,采用联合国粮农组织（FAO）1998年推荐的Penman-Monteith法,利用安徽省79个台站1971－2005年的气象观测资料,计算站点参考作物蒸散量。在此基础上采用克里格插值方法,生成基于GIS的安徽省参考作物蒸散量分布图。分析结果表明：安徽省近35a平均参考作物蒸散量空间分布特征为,平原大、山区小;由北向南逐渐递减,受气候、地形等因素的影响,具有较明显的地域性差异;从时间尺度上看,自1971年以来,参考作物蒸散量总体上呈随年代波动下降趋势,但存在地区差异;年内季节变化为夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季;逐月变化呈单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在7月,5－8月份较多,11月至翌年2月最低,且不同区域之间存在着明显的差别。     

近10 a黄河三角洲LUCC及其驱动因素分析

研究滨海脆弱生态区的土地利用/土地覆被时空变化过程,可以为区域土地资源的规划、开发和管理提供科学依据。该文应用遥感和GIS技术,分析黄河三角洲区域1995－2004年间土地利用/土地覆被的时空变化特征,并对区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的驱动因子进行了探讨。结果表明,近10 a来黄河三角洲的土地利用/土地覆被类型发生了复杂变化;黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆被动态受到自然因素和人类活动的共同作用,而人类活动是近10 a区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要驱动因子。尽管近年来黄河三角洲的开发取得了快速发展,但部分人类经济活动给区域土地资源及其生态环境的可持续发展带来巨大压力,甚至导致区域土地质量的进一步退化。     

基于GIS和Logistic模型的香榧生态适宜性评价

研究香榧栽培的生态适宜性将为香榧的引种、扩种和区划提供理论依据。该研究在GIS支持下,以地学数据库为基础,以logistic 回归模型为手段,利用高分辨率遥感影像、数字高程模型以及土壤、气象和实地调查等资料对研究区香榧生态适宜性开展精确评价。研究结果表明,香榧栽培高度适宜区和中度适宜区累计占总面积的61.7%,其中高度适宜区面积达183 hm2,占总面积的11.4%,说明研究区香榧栽培发展潜力巨大。该评价结果为当地香榧资源产业化发展提供了科学依据。     

The importance of population growth, seed dispersal and habitat suitability in determining plant invasiveness

Summary This paper examines the roles of plant demography, seed dispersal ecology and habitat suitability in influencing invasiveness of horticulturally important species. Section one investigates the relative invasiveness of two woody species, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus mahaleb, and concentrates on differences in demographic and dispersal traits. The second section delineates the invasion of two Asparagus spp. and concentrates on differences in seed dispersal ecology. Section three reports the use of a geographical information system analysis to determine whether habitat suitability, seed dispersal or land management is more important in determining threat of invasion by adventive Olea europaea. C. monogyma, P. mahaleb are closely related with similar habits and overlapping home ranges in Europe. Crataegus monogyna is very invasive in northern New South Wales, having spread rapidly and conspicuously throughout the region and elsewhere in southern Australia at rates of 80–120 m yr⁻¹. Prunus mahaleb is far less invasive, being restricted to a small population, which is expanding at 20 m yr⁻¹. Demographic analysis showed that potential growth rates of P. mahaleb (1.713–1.490) are greater than those for C. monogyna (1.138–1.103). Assessment of the seed dispersal ecology of both species revealed that C. monogyna had seeds dispersed by one bird and three mammals over many kilometers. P. mahaleb had seeds dispersed by six birds and four mammals over distances generally < 100 m. The role of humans in introducing both species and the characteristics of seed dispersal are more influential than demography in determining invasiveness. The more invasive Asparagus asparagoides has smaller fruit with a bicoloured display up to 1.5 m above ground. Less invasive A. declinatus has larger, translucent white fruit displayed at heights < 0.5 m above ground. The role of humans has also been important in shaping the course of invasion. Sensitivity analysis confirms that land management practices, which affect Olea europaea seedling establishment and survival, are most important at a landscape scale in determining invasiveness. The main factors determining the difference in invasiveness relate directly to the changing nature of human management of each species and the ecological interactions between the plants and the invaded environment. This research has implications for the prediction and management of biological invasions; emphasizing the importance of seed dispersal and human activities in determining the course of invasions: both of which cannot be readily predicted.     

Geographic distribution of Vrn-genes in landraces and improved varieties of spring bread wheat

Summary A study of the global Vrn-genes distribution supports the hypothesis that these loci have different breeding values. Evident zonal differences were discovered in percentage of dominant Vrn-genes and genotypes between the sets of varieties from various locations. For the same zone analogous differences were not so manifested between the sets of local and improved varieties. It showed the similar environmental fitness of those sets as a result of natural or artificial selection. Obvious changes in distribution of Vrn-genes were discovered in the history of breeding. Within this century the dominant Vrn3 was introgressed into many modern varieties of countries close to the equator. The main direction of such introgression ran from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi to Italian varieties. Later it came from Italy through Mentana to Mexican semidwarf varieties, and the last ones (especially Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64) promoted wide distribution of that gene all over the world.