Innovative layer genetics to handle global challenges in egg production

1. In commercial layer breeding, extensive gene pools are tested and selected for market requirements which must be anticipated at least 5 years ahead. Field results confirm a continuous positive genetic trend in egg output and better feed efficiency which can be converted into land savings.

2. Animal welfare and cage-free housing dominate future needs of the market. Nesting behaviour and minimal tendency to develop feather-pecking or cannibalism without beak treatment are key trait complexes. Stronger shells for longer production cycles without moulting have to be combined with better bones.

3. No single big gene effect can be expected to control the multifactorial problem of feather-pecking. Adjusting the shape of the beak, with a heritability of .10–.25, can contribute to reducing the risk of severe cannibalism.

4. For better skeletal integrity, the assessment of bone quality in pedigree birds housed in enriched cages is done by keel bone palpation or ultrasound measurement of the humerus. Both traits show similar heritabilities in the range of .15–.30 and can be included in a balanced selection approach for performance, quality and welfare traits.

5. The combination of performance testing and genome-wide DNA marker analysis is a promising tool to generate more progress for a balanced performance and behaviour profile.     

Single step genomic evaluation for female fertility in Nordic Red dairy cattle

Joint Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) genetic evaluation of female fertility is currently based on the multiple trait multilactation animal model (BLUP). Here, single step genomic model (ssGBLUP) was applied for the Nordic Red dairy cattle fertility evaluation. The 11 traits comprised of nonreturn rate and days from first to last insemination in heifers and first three parities, and days from calving to first insemination in the first three parities. Traits had low heritabilities (0.015–0.04), but moderately high genetic correlations between the parities (0.60–0.88). Phenotypic data included 4,226,715 animals with records and pedigree 5,445,392 animals. Unknown parents were assigned into 332 phantom parent groups (PPG). In mixed model equations animals were associated with PPG effects through the pedigree or both the pedigree and genomic information. Genotype information of 46,914 SNPs was available for 33,969 animals in the pedigree. When PPG used pedigree information only, BLUP converged after 2,420 iterations whereas the ssGBLUP evaluation needed over ten thousand iterations. When the PPG effects were solved accounting both the pedigree and the genomic information, the ssGBLUP model converged after 2,406 iterations. Also, with the latter model breeding values by ssGBLUP and BLUP became more consistent and genetic trends followed each other well. Models were validated using forward prediction of the young bulls. Reliabilities and variance inflation of predicted genomic breeding values (values for parent averages in brackets) for the 11 traits ranged 0.22–0.31 (0.10–0.27) and 0.81–0.95 (0.83–1.06), respectively. The ssGBLUP model gave always higher validation reliabilities than BLUP, but largest increases were for the cow fertility traits.     

基于线粒体基因标记的太平洋褶柔鱼群体遗传结构及变异分析

为科学管理和开发利用太平洋褶柔鱼（Todarodes pacificus）渔业资源,该研究利用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素C氧化酶I（CO I）和细胞色素b（Cytb）两种标记基因对西北太平洋褶柔鱼进行群体遗传结构和变异分析。结果显示：得到太平洋褶柔鱼两种基因片段的序列长度分别为465 bp（CO I）和404 bp（Cytb）,分别定义了18和21个单倍型,总体呈现低单倍型多样性（h=0.493、0.479）和低核苷酸多样性（π=0.0013、0.0014）;遗传分化系数（Fst）值均为负值,而分子生物学方差（AMOVA）分析结果表明该群体变异都来源于种内;太平洋褶柔鱼CO I基因序列的Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs的中性检验D值和Fs值显著偏离0,且二者显著性检验P＜0.01,与Cytb基因标记的群体结果相似。综上,位于东海和日本海海域的太平洋褶柔鱼种群遗传多样性较低,群体间基因交流频繁未出现遗传分化,且变异基本来源于种内,群体大约在1.2万-1.5万年前出现过种群扩张。故建议将太平洋褶柔鱼划分为一个管理单元,以便该渔业资源更加合理的保护与开发利用。     

基因2型猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的遗传变异与演化

作为一种RNA病毒,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)极易变异,具有快速演化且易与其他毒株发生重组的特性,不同PRRSV毒株又存在着明显的致病性表型差异,异源毒株间交叉保护较差,这也是迄今为止PRRSV未得到有效控制的最主要的原因之一,PRRSV给全球养猪业带来了不可估量的经济损失。自上世纪80年代发现以来,基因2型PRRSV不断变异与演化,根据ORF5基因遗传进化分析,其被划分为9个谱系,我国主要以谱系1,3,5,8为主。本文从自然流行毒株、疫苗演化毒株、重组毒株3个方面对基因2型PRRSV的遗传变异与演化进行了综述,以期为PRRSV分子流行病学的研究及其免疫防控提供参考依据。     

中国东北和华北地区紫花苜蓿根瘤菌遗传多样性研究

【目的】紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)被誉为牧草之王,近年来,中国东北和华北地区种植面积不断扩大,但紫花苜蓿质量与产量仍不足以满足中国畜牧业发展的需求。本研究旨在分析中国东北和华北地区紫花苜蓿根瘤菌遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿高效固氮根瘤菌的筛选与应用提供参考。【方法】采用表面消毒和平板划线法从根瘤中分离纯化根瘤菌单菌落;使用BOX-PCR方法对供试菌株进行基因型划分;选取代表菌株进行持家基因(atpD、glnII和rpoB)和共生基因(nifH和nodC)的系统发育分析。【结果】从中国东北和华北19个采样地共分离纯化了499株根瘤菌,BOX-PCR可将供试菌株分为37种BOX型,BOX型存在显著的地理分布现象,同时寄主品种对根瘤菌基因型具有一定的选择作用。97.60%(487/499)的根瘤菌为Sinorhizobium meliloti。其余12株分别为S. adhaerens、Mesorhizobium huakuii、Rhizobium loessense、R.mesosinicum、R. vignae、Mesorhizobium sp.和Phyllobacteri...     

利用微卫星标记分析皖南山区中华蜜蜂遗传多样性

利用23对微卫星标记,对皖南山区中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析,评估其群体遗传结构。结果表明：23个微卫星座位中共检测到144个等位基因,等位基因数为2-13,平均等位基因数为6.26;所有位点的平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0.6058和0.5714,说明皖南山区中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性较为丰富。     

卷丹转基因体系构建及岷江百合LrCCoAOMT的导入

以卷丹(Lilium lancifolium Thunb.)无菌小鳞片为试材,通过切片处理、优化农杆菌侵染浓度与时间以及重悬液和共培养基成分,构建农杆菌介导的高效遗传转化体系。结果表明,MS+1.5 mg·L^-16-BA+0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA+30 g·L^-1蔗糖是切片芽分化的最佳培养基,添加100 mg·L^-1抗坏血酸能有效抑制褐化并促进不定芽增殖。MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 NAA+30 g·L^-1蔗糖是生根诱导的最佳培养基。抗生素敏感性测试发现,培养基中添加Kan 100 mg·L^-1或Hyg 75 mg·L^-1结合Cef 400 mg·L^-1适宜抗性筛选。GUS染色分析表明,以去除大量元素的改良MS+100μmol·L^-1AS和去除大量元素的改良MS+1.0mg·L^-16-BA+1.0mg·L^-1NAA+100...     

大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体遗传多样性比较

基于线粒体DNA控制区高变区部分序列和4对微卫星标记,对大泷六线鱼放流群体及自然海域群体的遗传多样性与遗传差异进行了比较分析。线粒体DNA控制区序列分析的结果显示,413尾个体共检测到单倍型117种,其中仅Hap₃、 Hap₇和Hap₁7为共享单倍型,占总单倍型数目的 2.5%;放流、野生群体特有单倍型分别为20种和66种,分别占总单倍型数的17.09%和56.41%,放流群体特有单倍型数明显低于野生群体;放流群体和野生群体核苷酸多样性分别为0.005 1～0.006 7和0.005 8～0.007 5,单倍型多样性分别为0.856 7～0.949 9和0.883 1～0.954 9,遗传多样性均较高。微卫星标记分析结果显示,放流、野生群体平均等位基因数(Na)分别为13～44和13～27,平均多态信息含量为0.885 6和0.874 0,均具较高的遗传多态性;群体遗传结构分析结果表明,放流、野生群体间遗传分化水平较低。研究表明,山东近海大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体均具有较丰富的遗传多样性,且遗传结构未存在显著的群体分化...     

长江三角洲白山羊扬州群体的遗传共适应特性

采用淀粉凝胶多座位电泳法检测长江三角洲白山羊扬州群体结构基因座遗传变异,并分析群体的遗传共适应特性.结果表明,在显隐性-共显性模式中未发现座位间的遗传共适应现象,而在共显性-共显性模式中Tf-Lap、Tf-X-p、Lap-Es-D和Lap-X-p组合都存在遗传共适应,表明在长江三角洲白山羊扬州群体结构基因座间存在遗传共适应性,可能对维持座位间的遗传平衡状态起主要作用.     

西南地区家鸭资源群体的遗传结构分析

通过微卫星标记技术对中国西南地区5个家鸭资源群体(云南麻鸭、三穗鸭、兴义鸭、建昌鸭、四川麻鸭)的遗传结构进行评估。结果表明:5个群体的平均杂合度都较高,最低的为四川麻鸭,最高的为三穗鸭,杂合度范围为0.567 9~0.616 5,群体平均杂合度为0.587 4;各鸭种间存在较大的遗传分化,19.86%的遗传变异来源于群体间的差异。5个家鸭群体间的DA遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果表明5个家鸭资源聚为3类,聚类结果与这5个鸭种的地域分布和经济用途有一定关系。