Early generation testing for yield and physiological components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Selection of superior crosses of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in early generations would increase the probability of identifying superior lines. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of selecting for physiological traits identified in a yield model [crop growth rate (C), reproductive duration (DR) and partitioning (p)] in segregating populations. Forty populations and nine parental lines were evaluated in replicated trials in 1992 (F2, 1993 (F3) and 1994 (F4) at three locations in Niger. Physiological traits were estimated from final yield and biomass as well as data on flowering and maturity. Regressions from two different parent-offspring generations (F2: F3 and F3: F4) were calculated. The results were compared to determine if early generation performance accurately predicts the performance of cross bulks in later generations. Differences were observed among populations and parents for all traits. Effects of locations were significant for C, p and DR in F2 and F3 but nonsignificant for yield and C in F4. Regression coefficients from F3: F2 were 0.10 ± 0.08 for C, 0.45 ± 0.17 for p, 0.10 ± 0.03 for DR and 0.16 ± 0.03 for pod yield. Based on F3: F4 regression, the coefficients were 0.12 ± 0.23 for C, 0.46 ± 0.17 for p and 0.57 ± 0.17 for yield. Parent-offspring correlations were in most cases similar to the regression values. It was concluded that selection for yield and model components in early generation bulks may inneffective. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Half-sib progeny evaluation and selection of potatoes resistant to the US8 genotype of Phytophthora infestans from crosses between resistant and susceptible parents

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) resistant parents in cultivar development and identify superior clones possessing moderate to high late blight resistance combined with acceptable maturity and tuber quality. Ninety-five crosses were made between eight unadapted parents with reported late blight resistance (B0718-3, Bertita, Bzura, Greta, Libertas, Stobrawa, Tollocan and Zarevo) and susceptible parents (cultivars or advanced breeding clones) adapted to North American growing conditions. A total of 408 field selected clones were assessed for late blight resistance in the greenhouse and in the field using a mixture of US8 P. infestans isolates (A2 mating type, metalaxyl resistant) that overcame all known R-genes except R8 and R9. Clones with ≤ 10% infected foliar area in the greenhouse test or ≤ 0.30 RAUDPC (relative area under the disease progress curve) value in the field in 1998 were re-tested in 1999. A total of 118 (29% of 408) putative late blight resistant clones were selected. The eight late blight resistant parents differed in both the ability to transmit late blight resistance and in the level of resistance transmitted to the progeny. The Tollocan and B0718-3 families (half-sib progeny) had the greatest degree of resistance and frequency of resistant clones. Scott-Knott cluster analysis ranked 79 clones (67% of 118) in the high and moderate late blight resistant groups. Among these 79 clones, 19 clones had vine maturity equal to or earlier than mid-season combined with acceptable tuber quality. Further selection in 2000 resulted in eight advanced selected clones (six from Tollocan and two from B0718-3 families) with the same level of resistance as the parent combined with vine maturity and tuber quality equivalent to Atlantic, a standard cultivar for chip processing in North America. The results indicate that this breeding approach can be used to select parents for late blight resistance breeding and to identify superior clones with high levels of late blight resistance and marketable vine maturity and tuber quality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大豆杂种产量和品质性状早世代优势和亲本配合力分析

 【目的】研究黄淮地区一组优良大豆亲本早世代（F1～F3）产量与品质性状的杂种优势和自交衰退表现,分析杂种早世代亲本产量与品质性状配合力的变化特点,为大豆杂种品种和家系品种选育的亲本选配和后代选择提供依据。【方法】以来自黄淮地区及美国的8个大豆重要亲本及其组配的28个双列杂交组合为材料,以中亲优势率、超亲优势率作为杂种优势的指标,以自交衰退率作为自交衰退的指标,采用DIALLEL-SAS05软件进行多世代数据的联合方差分析和配合力分析。【结果】（1）黄淮地区大豆亲本间产量性状普遍存在杂种优势和自交衰退现象,产量优势最大,单株荚数和单株粒数次之,百粒重无优势。F1 杂种优势大的性状,其F2、F3自交衰退率一般也较大。生育期及品质性状（蛋白质和脂肪含量）杂种优势不明显,自交衰退也不明显。（2）大豆产量存在显著的一般配合力×世代和特殊配合力×世代的互作,杂种F1表现配合力高的亲本不一定在后代表现出高配合力。亲本品质性状的一般配合力×世代和特殊配合力×世代的互作效应不显著,由杂种一代的配合力预测杂种后代的可靠性较高。（3）亲本本身产量性状的的高低不能估计其一般配合力效应。但亲本本身蛋白质、脂肪含量的高低是估计其一般配合力效应的重要指标。【结论】黄淮地区大豆亲本间各性状中以产量的杂种优势最大,自交衰退率也较大,不宜直接利用杂种二代。杂种优势利用和杂种后代家系选育可能有不同的最佳亲本和组合。杂种早世代开始对籽粒蛋白质与脂肪含量进行定向选择,有利于及早提高后代的含量。     

不同工况下Y型网式过滤器流场数值模拟分析

为探究网式过滤器的水力性能,充分了解网式过滤器内部最初流场、滤芯网面流量分布情况,应用计算流体动力学方法对网式过滤器3种入口流速(0.5、1.5、2.5 m/s)以及3种滤网目数(60、80、100目)对过滤器流场进行数值模拟。通过试验对模拟结果的可靠性进行验证,结果表明：过滤器的水头损失集中在出口侧滤芯上,该部分水头损失占总损失的87%;水流在腔体内可分为出口侧加速区、出口侧减速区、堵头回流区和漩涡区4部分;滤网面流量分布严重不均,高流量区域主要分布在出口侧,入口流速由0.5 m/s增至2.5 m/s过程中,网面最大与最小流量均相差3.3倍,滤网目数为60、80、100目时,网面最大与最小流量相差3.3、3.1、2.3倍,且滤网目数增至100目时,最大与最小流量位置向两侧偏移;堵头处死水区压力大、流速低,泥沙易于沉淀,建议扩大堵头容积以承接更多的泥沙;可以考虑增大腔体体积、改变腔体角度、在入口处设置导流片,从而改善流场分布;建议在滤网上增加环状片体,改善网面流量分布,从而提高过滤器的使用寿命以及过滤效率。     

全膜覆土穴播种植冬小麦对旱地土壤微生物数量及生物量的影响

[目的]揭示全膜覆土穴播种植方式对土壤微生态环境的影响,为其进一步推广应用提供参考依据。[方法]采用田间试验,研究不同覆膜种植方式对冬小麦各生育期土壤微生物数量和微生物量的影响。[结果]全膜覆土穴播方式可明显增加冬小麦各生育期的土壤微生物数量(除自生固氮细菌)以及微生物量C和N。与传统栽培方式相比,全膜覆土穴播方式和全膜不覆土穴播方式土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌分别平均提高32.07%和10.23%,31.27%和10.57%,44.56%和26.51%;氨化细菌和硝化细菌分别平均提高32.54%和37.80%,79.20%和107.22%;微生物量C和N含量分别平均提高29.90%,20.68%%和29.41%,18.02%。各处理土壤微生物数量和微生物量整体从小麦返青期开始升高,到拔节期或抽穗期达到峰值,生长后期有所下降。[结论]全膜穴播方式下土壤微生物数量和微生物量土壤随土层的加深呈减少的趋势。全膜覆土穴播方式有利于冬小麦土壤微生物数量和微生物量的提高。     

顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定灵芝中As和Bi

[目的]建立1种顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定灵芝试样中的As和Bi含量的方法。[方法]灵芝样品采用微波快速消解系统消解,用绘制的标准曲线采用原子荧光光度计测得各个样品的As和Bi含量,并考察了光电倍增管负高压、As和Bi灯电流、原子化器高度、载气流量、屏蔽气流量等因素对测定结果的影响。[结果]载流HCI的浓度为0．3mol／L,KBH。浓度为10g／L时,同时测定As和Bi的效果最佳。在最佳试验条件下,As和Bi的检出限分别为0．079和0．031μg/L,加标回收率为90．5％～104．5％,相对标准偏差小于3．4％,灵芝试样中共存的离子对As和Bi的测定没有干扰。[结论]该方法操作方便、快速,灵敏性高,适用于灵芝试样品中As和Bi含量的同时测定．具有很好的可行性和实用性。     

穗位高系数对玉米产量及产量构成的影响

为探究穗位高系数对玉米产量及产量构成的影响,采用125份玉米材料开展大田试验,测定株高、穗位高、穗位高系数、单穗粒数、千粒重及产量等性状指标。同时对1985—2019年可查文献中已发表的相关数据进行Meta分析。结果表明：1)株高和穗位高对单穗粒数、千粒重、产量均有极显著影响(P<0.01);穗位高系数对单穗粒数和千粒重影响显著(P<0.05)。2)玉米株高分布在175.10～295.00 cm,穗位高在53.50—127.67 cm,穗位高系数在0.29～0.49,随着株高、穗位高、穗位高系数的增加,单穗粒数呈先上升后下降的趋势,当株高为267.76 cm,穗位高为99.46 cm,穗位高系数为0.40时,单穗粒数达到最大值;千粒重随着株高、穗位高、穗位高系数的增加先呈直线上升趋势,之后不再增加,千粒重达到最大值时,株高为292.25 cm,穗位高为80.95 cm,穗位高系数为0.50;产量随株高、穗位高的增加而增加,随着穗位高系数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当穗位高系数为0.42时,产量达到最大值。3)对文献和本试验的数据分别进行决策树分析,结果均表明,株高较穗位高...     

稻粉虱Aleurocybotusindicus的研究

本文描述了稻粉虱的形态特征，研究了稻粉虱的为害习性、生物学特性、生活史、世代历期、种群动态、寄主、越冬和防治方法．结果表明，稻粉虱在福州地区１ａ发生８代，第３、４、５代是为害水稻的主害代，应用扑虱灵防治稻粉虱，防治效果达到９０％以上     

四元联系数多因素态势排序法综合评价水稻优良组合

按照四元联系数多因素态势排序原理,对重庆三峡农业科学院2009年水稻组合鉴定结果进行分析与排序,目的是为水稻优良组合筛选提供可靠的理论依据。结果表明:10个参试组合被划分为4个方阵,第一方阵为优良组合(WZ-2),可作为下年区试或重点示范组合;第二方阵为较好组合,共4个;其余7个组合归为第三、第四方阵,为一般、较差组合。     

Relationships between numbers of main stems and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Erntestolz) as influenced by different daylengths

Summary The relationshops between numbers of main stems and some measures of growth and yield, as well as total tuber yield, were examined for potatoes grown under different daylengths. Leaf area, tuber number and tuber yield per plant increased significantly with increasing daylength and number of main stems. Numbers of main stems and leaf area were correlated positively with tuber number and tuber yield and negatively with average tuber weight. The correlations were stronger with stem number than with leaf area and were differently affected by daylength. Standard regression coefficients indicated that stem number has strong positive and negative relationships with tuber number and average tuber weight, respectively. Since tuber number was a better determinant of yeild than average tuber weight, the final relationship between the numbers of main stems and tuber yield remained positive for all daylengths. Determinants that will best explain variation in tuber total yield, tuber number, and average tuber weight are suggested.