Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.     

A model to assess the use of caecal and faecal inocula to study fermentability of nutrients in rabbit

An in vitro gas production trial was conducted using 10 Hyla rabbits to evaluate the use of caecal and faecal inocula in fermentability studies. Caecal content (CI) and hard faeces (FI) were used as inocula. Six legume and six cereal concentrates were used as substrates. Gas production was recorded 19 times at 2–24 h intervals throughout fermentation (120 h). The fermentation characteristics (degraded organic matter, OMd; potential gas production, A; volatile fatty acid, VFA; ammonia, NH₃) were measured by testing the inoculum and substrate (legumes vs. cereals). The inocula were different (p < 0.01) in OMd (818.2 vs. 799.4 g/kg OM for CI and FI respectively), A (255.0 vs. 267.1 ml/g OM), total VFA (67.3 vs. 53.2 mmol/g OM) and NH₃ content (21.2 vs. 19.8 mmol/l). Moreover, the significant differences in the (acetate + propionate)/butyrate ratio (5.02 vs. 4.09 for CI and FI respectively, p < 0.01) and in the branched chain proportion (isobutyrate + isovaleriate)/total VFA (0.044 vs. 0.031, p < 0.01) indicate that the inocula differed in fermenting legumes or cereals, but the equations for estimating caecal fermentation characteristics from those of faeces showed R² values from 0.673 to 0.975 (p ≤ 0.01). Our results confirm that in vitro fermentation characteristics of faeces were highly related to those of caecal content.     

The suitability of some blood gas and biochemical parameters as diagnostic tools or early indicators of ascites syndrome in broiler sire lines

In recent few years, there have been some attempts to find a reliable indicator trait as a selection criterion against susceptibility to ascites syndrome (AS). Blood parameters were of great interest as they could be measured in live animals without implementing an ascites‐inducing challenge (AIC). In this work, the suitability of some blood parameters was evaluated for diagnosing AS‐susceptible chicks in later steps of the disease in trial 1 as well as their early predictive ability in trial 2. In the first trial, one hundred 1‐day‐old chicks from two pure broiler lines namely S₁ and S₂ and, in the second trial, 226 1‐day‐old chicks from line S₂ were subjected to AIC. Saline drinking water (1200 mg/l) and lower‐than‐standard ambient temperatures were the implemented AICs in trials 1 and 2 respectively. The blood parameters including pH, partial pressure of O₂ (pO₂), partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), bicarbonate ion concentration (BIC), percentage of haematocrit (HCT) and saturated haemoglobin (SaO₂) were measured twice per each bird at days 28 and 35 in trial 1 and once in trial 2 at day 21. The results of the first trial revealed that in line S₂ some of the blood parameters differed significantly between the ascitic and non‐ascitic groups following exposure to AIC. In this line, the incidence of AS was accompanied by a lower pO₂, SaO₂ and BIC, while with higher pCO₂ and HCT values. In the second trial, however, although almost all of the parameters showed meaningful differences between the ascitic and non‐ascitic broilers, only mean difference of BIC parameter was statistically significant. The general conclusion of this study is that the blood parameters can somewhat have diagnostic ability in the condition in which the AIC is already present, whereas the results did not approve their usefulness as early predictors of AS.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿色型豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

为了研究大气CO₂浓度升高对绿色型豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响,应用CO₂人工气候箱,CO₂浓度设置中等浓度[(550±27) μL/L]和高浓度[(750±37) μL/L],并以当前浓度[(375±18) μL/L]为对照,观察并记录了饲养在蚕豆上的连续3代绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育和繁殖指标。结果表明,随着CO₂浓度升高,连续3代绿色型豌豆蚜发育历期均缩短,初产若蚜体重、成蚜体重、体质量差和相对日均体重增长率均呈增加趋势;各世代的繁殖期延长,平均产蚜量和最大产蚜量均增加;各世代的净增殖率(R₀)增大,平均世代周期(T)延长,内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)均减小。因此,绿色型豌豆蚜的种群数量随着CO₂浓度升高而下降,故推测未来大气CO₂浓度的升高可能不利于豌豆蚜的发生。     

生物地球化学模型DNDC的研究进展与碳动态模拟应用

脱氮脱碳模型(denitrification-decomposition,DNDC)是通过计算反硝化和有机质分解来模拟氮和碳从土壤丢失而转移入大气时的主要生物地球化学过程模型。作为目前国际上最成功的模拟陆地生物地球化学循环的模型之一,本文主要阐述了DNDC模型的发展过程及其结构,整理了DNDC模型在碳动态模拟过程中的主要研究进展,总结了当前DNDC模型在碳动态模拟领域的应用热点和优势。     

Comparative analysis of evaluation parameters in E. acervulina,E. maxima and E. tenella-infected broilers

Three parameters, body weight gain (BWG), intestinal lesion score (LS) and fecal oocyst shedding, were compared in broilers infected with major parasitic species; Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. First, two- and three-week-old chickens with Eimeria infection showed LS of approximately 3, but two-week-old chickens were more correlated with BWG. Second, significant differences in BWG were observed between male and female broilers challenged with Eimeria. Finally, E. maxima-infected broilers among three Eimeria species showed a higher relationship between BWG and LS, suggesting three considerations such as genders, age and Eimeria species for Eimeria experiments.     

高邮鸭主要血浆生化指标与产蛋性状的相关分析

通过对200日龄产蛋早期的78只高邮鸭血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α-淀粉酶(AMY)、总胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和无机磷(P)共11项生化指标进行测定,研究其与产蛋性状的相关性.结果显示TP(58.25±7.83)g/L,ALB(18.16 4.23)g/L,AST(25.83±9.35)U/L,ALT(55.07±36.25)U/L,ALP(332.2±153.1)U/L,LDH(319.46±99.61)U/L,AMY(554.3±168.8)U/L,HDL-C(1.19 0.65)mmol/L,CHO(3.19±0.83)mmol/L,LDL-C(1.72 0.96)mmol/L,P(0.29 0.12)mg/mL;AST活性与开产体重呈强负相关(P＜0.01).     

加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪物理性质和微观结构的影响

加工参数是影响涂抹型再制干酪物性和微观结构的重要因素.通过测定样品的质构性质、融化性、表观黏度和结合微观结构观察,确定加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪的影响.结果表明:剪切速率、加工温度和时间对样品质构指标和融化距离影响显著(P<0.05),剪切速率由800 r/min升高到1400 r/min的过程中,硬度、涂抹功和黏着性没...     

二氯菊酸光学纯度的毛细管气相色谱法测定研究

使用以 2 ,6 -二 -O-戊基 - 3-O-丁酰基 -β-环糊精作手性固定相制成的毛细管手性柱 ,用气相色谱法在 120℃成功地分离了外消旋二氯菊酸甲酯对映体 ,其中对顺、反外消旋二氯菊酸甲酯对映体的手性分离因子分别达到 1.03和 1.04 ,均大于测定光学纯度 (e.e.% )值所要求的 1.02。测定了 4种手性二氯菊酸甲酯的光学纯度 ,方法简便易行 ,可用于二氯菊酸的光学纯度测定     

醚菊酯原药的气相色谱分析方法研究

本文介绍了醚菊酯原药的气相色谱定量分析方法；柱温245℃，选用3%OV-101为固定液的填充柱，以邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯为内标物对醚菊酯原药的测定方法，该方法的变异系数为0.34%，回收率为100.98%，线性相关系数r=0.9999。