棉籽壳中除草活性物质提取及鉴定

为了开发利用棉籽壳中的除草活性物质,分别以无水乙醇、正丁醇、石油醚和乙酸乙酯为溶剂,采用索氏提取法对棉籽壳中的活性物质进行了提取,并对各溶剂粗提物进行了除草活性测定。结果发现:用无水乙醇提取的粗提物对稗草生长的抑制活性最高,经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,发现该粗提物中主要含有甘油、三环己基3-烯-6-辛酮、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚、(邻甲基苯酚)-2-溴-2氯-乙酰酯、十四酸、十四酸乙酯、十六烷酸、辛酸异戊酯和亚油酸9种化合物。进一步的除草活性测定结果表明,亚油酸、辛酸异戊酯、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚和(邻甲基苯酚)-2-溴-2氯-乙酰酯4种化合物对稗草表现出一定的除草活性,其中亚油酸活性最强,其IC₅₀值为14.5 mg/L。     

不同绿化树种的降温增湿效应

以哈尔滨市常见的26种主要绿化树种为研究对象,利用LCA-4型红外气体分析系统,观测了绿化树种7月的降温增湿效应.结果表明:不同树种的降温增湿效应存在差异.乔木树种中,白桦日释水总量最大(1 963.44 g/m2),樟子松最低(252.72 g/m2);小乔木树种中,文冠果的日释水总量最大(2 877.12 g/m2),野梨和稠李较低;灌木树种的日蒸腾释水总量和日蒸腾吸热总量差异较大.     

A method of production data analysis for multi-fractured horizontal well in shale gas reservoir

Production data analysis is an effective method of evaluating gas in place, parameters of reservoir and hydraulic fractures. Current model of production data analysis fails to make sense because of the existence of absorption, multi-fracturing, and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). Considering the effect of desorption, fracture interacting and closed boundary, the authors calculate the productivity of multi-fractured horizontal well in shale gas by Laplace transform and pressure superposition principle. Then theoretical charts of Agarwal-Gardner production decline curves are presented by employing new definition of dimensionless material balance time and dimensionless production, which is based on asymptotic approximations. The result shows that Agarwal-Gardner curves can be divided into two parts where they are scattered in early transient period, and where their shape was influenced by parameters relevant to adsorption, position of each fracture and reservoir geometry, and then drawn to Arps harmonious decline in pseudo steady state period. Reservoir parameters, hydraulic fracture characteristics and gas in place are evaluated by using the type curve matching with actual production data.     

余热和菌剂对垃圾堆肥效率及温室气体减排的影响

为探讨生活垃圾堆肥过程中同时添加外源菌剂和使用循环热风对缩短堆肥周期的影响,该文以15～80 mm生活垃圾为原料,设置了无添加菌剂和无余热回用堆肥（对照）与添加菌剂和余热回用堆肥（处理）强制通风隧道发酵仓对比试验。结果表明：菌剂和余热利用后堆肥高温达到55℃的时间缩短了1～2 d,高温堆肥时间7 d,堆肥周期缩短为27 d;按600 t/d处理规模计算,菌剂和余热利用处理全年的温室气体比对照少排10 150.65 t（ 以CO2计）;日进仓数由3个增加到4个,处理能力可以提高到800 t/d。菌剂和余热利     

天然气发动机燃烧过程非线性动力学特性

利用非线性动力学数据分析技术对增压中冷天然气发动机燃烧过程的动力学特性进行了研究,结果表明:混合气浓度从当量比=1.00降低到稀燃极限时由缸压时间序列重构的二维相空间中,系统运动轨线都是有限范围内的非周期运动,轨线具有复杂、扭曲、重叠的几何结构;无论发动机是在当量混合气还是稀燃极限条件下运行,嵌入维m大于某一值以后,吸引子的关联维D均能达到饱和值且为分数,随着混合气变稀,燃烧循环变动增加,D逐渐增加,当=1.00、0.77、0.70和0.63时D分别为1.27、1.33、1.58和1.87,最大Lyapunov指数(LLE)大于零,分别为0.008 6、0.011、0.013和0.015 7,因此天然气发动机燃烧系统是一个低维非线性混沌系统。     

双级调压水压式沼气池的调压性能研究

以8m3圆筒形沼气池为例,设计气压为3.9～7.8kPa(40～80mmH2O),对双级调压水压式沼气池的气压与贮气量的关系进行了研究,并用Matlab7.0进行处理。结果表明:在水压间有效容积相同的情况下,当沼气池内压力在0～3.9kPa之间时,双级调压水压式沼气池单位体积贮气量变化所引起的压力变化较单级明显;当池内压力在3.9～7.8kPa之间时双级单位体积贮气量变化所引起的压力变化较单级平稳,且水压间的体积较单级小,双级调压水压式沼气池更适合于沼气的推广利用。     

基于PLC的养殖场氨气生物氧化装置设计与试验

随着畜禽养殖业生产规模化、集约化不断提高,养殖场氨气排放控制日益受到关注。养殖场氨气不经处理直接排放到大气中,一方面与SO_2和NO_x结合生成大气二次颗粒物,降低大气能见度。另一方面铵的沉降还可造成土壤酸化及水体富营养化等环境问题。针对上述问题,根据生物法原理,设计了基于PLC控制的养殖场氨气生物氧化装置,实现了p H值控制、风机的启停控制、生物反应器中各环境参数的实时测量、环境参数曲线的实时显示和监测数据的自动存储等功能。设计后在北京某猪场进行了中试装置的示范搭建,运行结果表明:该装置对氨气去除率达到90%,具有运行稳定可靠、运行成本低等特点。     

秸秆生物炭对玉米农田温室气体排放的影响

通过大田试验,采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法研究玉米农田不施生物炭(C0),施生物炭分别为15 t/hm2(C15)、30 t/hm2(C30)和45 t/hm2(C45)后温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)的排放特征,并估算CH_4和N_2O的综合增温潜势(GWP)及排放强度(GHGI)。结果表明:添加生物炭显著降低CO_2和N_2O的季节累积排放总量,与C0处理相比,CO_2最大降幅为24.6%(C15),N_2O最大降幅为110.35%(C45),且其随着生物炭施用量的增加而降低;CH_4的季节累积排放总量由小到大依次为:C15、C30、C0、C45,其中,C15处理较C0处理降低幅度最大为259.62%,添加生物炭同时也降低CH_4和N_2O的综合增温潜势(GWP)及排放强度(GHGI),处理C15、C30和C45的GWP值较对照C0分别降低88.2%、123.2%和109.9%,GHGI分别降低88.86%、121.60%和100.03%。施用适量的生物炭可以有效增加玉米产量,处理C15、C30和C45的增幅分别为6.28%、7.27%和1.69%。处理C30显著降低CH_4和N_2O的综合增温潜势及其排放强度,并且产量的增幅最大。因此,在当前玉米农田管理措施下,生物炭施用量为30 t/hm2时可实现玉米增产和固碳减排的目标。     

Effect of Shading on Gas Exchange of Cotton Leaves Under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents1

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.