Metabolism of fungicidal cyanooximes, cymoxanil and analogues in various strains of Botrytis cinerea

BACKGROUND: The metabolism of cymoxanil [1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyiminoacetyl)‐3‐ethylurea] and fungicidal cyanooxime analogues was monitored on three phenotypes of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. differing in their sensitivity towards cymoxanil. For this purpose, labelled [2‐¹⁴C]cymoxanil was added either to the culture medium of these strains or to its cell‐free extract. RESULTS: In the culture medium of the most sensitive strain, four main metabolites were detected. Three were isolated and identified. Cymoxanil was quickly metabolised by at least three concurrent enzymatic pathways: (i) cyclisation leading, after hydrolysis, to ethylparabanic acid, (ii) reduction giving demethoxylated cymoxanil, (iii) hydrolysis followed by reduction and then acetylation leading to N‐acetylcyanoglycine. In the cell‐free extract of the same strain, only the first and the second of these enzymatic reactions occurred. By comparing the metabolic profile of the most sensitive strain with that of the less sensitive ones, it was shown that the decrease in sensitivity to cymoxanil correlates with a reduced acetylcyanoglycine formation. Among all metabolites, only N‐acetylcyanoglycine is active against the most sensitive strain. Moreover, in a culture of this strain, two other fungicidal cyanooximes were also metabolised into this metabolite. CONCLUSION: The formation of N‐acetylcyanoglycine may play an important role in the fungitoxicity of cymoxanil and cyanooxime derivatives. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同杀菌剂对柑橘炭疽病病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出高效、低毒、低残留药剂供生产上交替使用,采用生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对柑橘炭疽病病菌的室内毒力.结果表明:6种药剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果不同,10%苯醚甲环唑WG的抑菌作用最强,其EC50值为0.021 2 μg/mL;25%咪酰胺EC次之,其EC50值为3.282 5 μg/mL;25%嘧菌酯SC效果最差,EC50值为9 650.901 9 μg/mL.10%苯醚甲环唑WG与25%咪酰胺EC可进一步进行大田试验,具有推广应用的价值.     

Monitoring of QoI fungicide resistance in Plasmopara viticola populations in Japan

BACKGROUND: The increasing occurrence of QoI fungicide resistance in Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & MA Curtis) Berl. & DeToni populations is becoming a serious problem in the control of grapevine downy mildew. In Japan, the existence of QoI‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola was reported in 2009. RESULTS: The QoI fungicide resistance in P. viticola samples collected from vineyards in Japan in 2008 and 2009 was monitored. Resistant P. viticola were detected in the regions where QoI fungicides have been introduced in accordance with the pest management programme, whereas in Hokkaido vineyards, where QoI fungicides have not yet been introduced, QoI‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola were not found. CONCLUSION: Japan comprises thousands of islands and is physically isolated from other countries by the sea. Monitoring the emergence, incidence and distribution of QoI fungicide resistance in P. viticola populations in Japan is necessary to improve pest management strategies for downy mildew disease in Japanese vineyards. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

西瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对来自新疆等4个省区的14个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和鉴定,并测定了7种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子带菌的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为青霉属Penicillium spp.、根霉属Rhizopus spp.、曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、交链孢属Alternaria spp.和镰孢属Fusarium spp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属和曲霉属;不同品种之间种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15% FDDF ·霜·福悬浮种衣剂、福美双和代森锰锌对种子带菌消毒效果优于多菌灵、敌磺钠、 FDDF 霉灵、拌种灵和甲霜灵。     

中草药提取物与杀菌剂复配对烟草赤星病菌的抑制效果

为减少化学农药的使用,降低农药的残留,提高对烟草赤星病的防效,选用中草药甘草和穿心莲提取物分别与杀菌剂40%菌核净和80%代森锰锌进行复配,采用生长速率法测定复配剂对烟草赤星病菌的抑制作用,并判断其复配后是否具有协同增效作用。结果表明:4种组合中甘草提取物与40%菌核净复配,穿心莲提取物与40%菌核净复配都具有明显的增效作用,其共毒因子分别为100.56和95.87;实际抑菌率分别为100%和97.62%,此2个组合的中草药提取物与杀菌剂体积比为1∶9时增效作用较显著。     

生姜茎腐病防治药剂筛选研究

为筛选出对生姜茎腐病具有较明显防治效果的药剂,在离体条件下,测定了17种杀菌剂对生姜茎腐病菌菌丝体的抑制作用,并筛选抑菌效果明显的药剂进行田间试验.在室内筛选出了抑制效果较好的药剂8种.毒力测定表明,代森锰锌·精甲霜灵、代森锰锌·霜脲氰和烯酰吗啉对病菌抑制作用较强,其EC50分别为9.77、14.95、38.61 μg/mL.田间药效测定表明,代森锰锌·精甲霜灵对生姜茎腐病的防效高达81.45％,代森锰锌·霜脲氰的防效为47.09％.68％代森锰锌·精甲霜灵对生姜茎腐病的防治效果较好,可以在生产中推广应用.     

柑橘炭疽病高效杀菌剂的筛选及抗药性菌株的发现

采用生长速率法,用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂(WP)、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂(WG)、45%咪鲜胺水乳剂(EW)和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂(FW)5种杀菌剂对来自广东不同地区和不同柑橘品种的10个柑橘炭疽病菌菌株进行了毒力测定.结果表明,咪鲜胺对柑橘炭疽病菌具有最好的抑制效果,其次是苯醚甲环唑;所有供试菌株对嘧菌酯和代森锰锌都具有一定程度的抗药性;不同地区的菌株对多菌灵的敏感性存在明显的差异,其中菌株CCMZ035、CCMZ004、CCST003和CCST026对多菌灵表现出很强的耐药性(抗药性).因此,咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑可作为防治柑橘炭疽病的首选药剂.     

番茄灰霉病菌高效杀菌剂筛选及新型混剂研究

为了筛选对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)抑制活性较高的杀菌剂及新型混剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种化学杀菌剂、拮抗菌发酵上清液及其与化学杀菌剂的混配剂对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制活性。结果表明,咯菌腈、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇和腈菌唑对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制活性较高,EC₅₀值分别达0.031 92、0.057 18、0.185 60、0.805 30 μg·mL^-1;其次为异菌脲、嘧霉胺和百菌清,EC₅₀值分别为4.204 90、5.949 90和8.816 30 μg·mL^-1;代森锰锌的抑菌效果最差,EC₅₀值为103.519 40 μg·mL^-1。解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)gfj-4培养72 h所产发酵上清液对番茄灰霉病菌的EC₅₀为76.9 mL·L^-1。采用Horsfall的复配方法,设计发酵上清液与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、代森锰锌、咯菌腈和异菌脲分别以体积比6:4、4:6、8:2、9:1和7:3的比例复配,毒性比分别为1.61、1.60、1.53、1.38和1.32,具有显著的增效作用。     

烟草赤星病菌对菌核净的抗药性测定

为合理防治烟草赤星病,减少抗药性产生和农药残留,从云南省11个地州分离烟草赤星病菌菌株96株,就分离菌株对菌核净的抗药性进行了测定,结果表明,供试菌株中高抗菌株28个,中抗菌株39个,低抗菌株29个。不同来源的烟草赤星病原菌株的抗药性存在差异,以思茅、大理的菌株抗药性最高,昆明、红河、临沧抗药性最低。不同地州分离菌株高、中、低抗菌株的比例存在明显差别。大理永平昌街七昌村分离菌株AL208#抗药性最强,抗性倍数达20.30,玉溪市红塔区的菌株AL171#抗药性最低。96株烟草赤星病菌菌株对菌核净的EC50值平均为81.34 mg/L,范围在13.28~269.58 g/L。     

10种常见野菜的抗菌初步筛选研究

[目的]为筛选具有杀菌能力的野菜植物。[方法]以金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphyloccocus aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillussubtilis）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）为供试菌,对常见的10种野菜植物水提物进行琼胶平板法离体抑菌筛选试验。[结果]枸杞、二月兰、菌陈蒿对3种供试菌具有较强的抑菌活性。其中,枸杞对大肠杆菌的抑菌性最强,荠菜、丁香、地黄仅对某种细菌具有抑制性。[结论]枸杞、二月兰和菌陈蒿可以作为杀菌植物资源。