Fungicide efficacy of dry bean white mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary,causal organism] and economic analysis at moderate to high disease pressure

White mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] is an economically damaging disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Producers often require fungicides to control moderate to high disease levels. Evaluation of fungicide efficacy and cost is critical to make cognisant management decisions. Four field studies were conducted at the Huron Research Station, near Exeter, Ontario in 2012 and 2013. Commercially available synthetic fungicides and a biofungicide seed treatment were evaluated for efficacy in suppressing white mold of dry bean and a subsequent economic analysis was conducted. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated using disease intensity (incidence × severity) ratings. The untreated control and biofungicide seed treatment had the highest AUDPC values, and in addition to the two applications of the low rate of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin and two applications of penthiopyrad, had the lowest yields. The most efficacious products with regard to disease suppression and yield response were two applications of boscalid, all rates of fluazinam and thiophanate-methyl, and two applications of the high rate of fluopyram + prothioconazole. Two applications of the high rate of fluazinam had the lowest AUDPC, which was nearly 60% lower than the untreated control. Two applications of the high rate of thiophanate-methyl was the highest yielding treatment, recovering 70% of yield lost from untreated plots. Economic impacts varied with planting dates. For the first planting, profit margins for all fungicide treatments, with the exception of two applications of penthiopyrad, two applications of the low rate of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and the biofungicide seed treatment, were significantly greater than the untreated control. For the second planting, only profit margins for all fluazinam treatments were significantly greater than the untreated control. This study identifies new economically viable fungicide options for dry bean producers to control white mold.     

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测大豆中6种典型农药残留

本研究建立了分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测大豆中灭草松、三氟羧草醚、氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡唑醚菌酯、精喹禾灵及其代谢物喹禾灵酸的多残留分析方法,为监测大豆生产中的农药应用风险提供方法。该方法具有简单、快捷、准确、灵敏度高的特点。样品经1%甲酸-乙腈振荡提取后,分散固相萃取净化,流动相为甲酸铵-水溶液(含0.01% 甲酸)和甲酸铵-甲醇溶液(含0.01% 甲酸),采用苯基色谱柱进行分离,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量分析。结果表明:目标农药及代谢物在0.001~1 mg/kg添加水平下平均回收率为78.1%~116.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%~20.5%,该方法在0.001~1 mg/kg范围内线性良好(R2≥0.991 1),定量限(LOQ)可达0.001 mg/kg。基于此方法对内蒙古产区的大豆样品进行测定,发现大豆中灭草松、氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡唑醚菌酯有检出,残留量在<0.001~0.024 mg/kg之间,喹禾灵酸、三氟羧草醚、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐残留量均<0.002 mg/kg。采集的大豆样品中6种目标农药残留量均符合我国农药最大残留限量标准安全要求。     

Leaching of propiconazole and chlorothalonil during production of pinus sylvestris seedlings in containers

The risk of environmental contamination by pesticides is not well known in container production of forest seedlings. Leaching of propiconazole (Tilt 250 EC^®) and chlorothalonil (Bravo 500^®) from peat container medium into the ground was monitored during three growing seasons in nursery production of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Fungicides were applied at about 20 day intervals from the end of July until November. The annual load of leached propiconazole (25–183 g active ingredients ha^‐1) was greater than that of chlorothalonil (5 to 82 g active ingredients ha^‐1). The proportion of leached to applied propiconazole was large, 4–29%, but less than 1% of the applied chlorothalonil was detected in leachates. The downstream percolation of water in the soil beneath the container area was small. After extra irrigation into the ground, the detected concentrations of chlorothalonil in soil water 0.5 m beneath the ground surface were 0.4–2.4 μg 1^‐1.     

新疆鹰嘴豆壳二孢疫病病菌Ascochyta rabiei交配型、致病力及其对3种杀菌剂的敏感性测定

新疆是我国鹰嘴豆主要生产地,然而随着鹰嘴豆种植面积的扩大,集约化种植模式的发展以及广泛从国内外引种,鹰嘴豆壳二孢疫病(Ascochyta blight)开始发生。由于该病害在新疆发生历史较短,相关的研究还甚少。本研究对新疆鹰嘴豆壳二孢疫病病菌Ascochyta rabiei的交配型、致病力及对3种杀菌剂敏感性进行测定,结果表明,A.rabiei的交配型MAT1-1和MAT1-2在新疆木垒地区的分离频率明显偏离1∶1,以MAT1-2为优势种群,但其致病力与MAT1-1无显著差异,而MAT1-1对30%醚菌酯EC的敏感性显著低于MAT1-2。     

柑橘褐斑病的病原分离和药物筛选

从云南马关近2 a来发生的一种柑橘褐斑病的病理组织中分离得到1株病原菌,依其培养性状和形态特征,初步鉴定为径点霉属,并比较了其对11种市售农药的敏感性。结果表明:氟硅唑、中生菌素、多抗霉素、丙森锌、氟菌唑、异菌脲6种药物对病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性较高,其中氟硅唑最灵敏,其EC50为0.03μg/mL;丙森锌和中生菌素次之,EC50分别为1.8μg/mL和3.14μg/mL;氟硅唑和百菌清对孢子的抑制效果较好,1μg/mL抑制率均在80%以上;丙森锌、佳爽和多抗霉素也有一定的保护作用。     

Suppressive effects of seed-applied fungicides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) differ with fungicide mode of action and AMF species

Seed-applied fungicides are commonly used to prevent or suppress fungal disease organisms in pulse crop production. However, non-target beneficial fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), also may be affected. Seed-applied fungicides Agrox^® FL (active ingredient: captan), Allegiance™ FL (metalaxyl), Apron Maxx^® RTA^® (fludioxonil and metalaxyl), Thiram 75WP (thiram), Vitaflo^® 280 (carbathiin and thiram), Crown^® (carbathiin and thiabendazole), and Trilex^® AL (trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl) were assessed in a greenhouse study for their effects on colonization and development of AMF in pea and chickpea, and the consequent impact on plant growth. In the absence of disease pressure, systemic fungicides Allegiance™ FL, Apron Maxx^® RTA^®, Vitaflo^® 280, Crown^® and Trilex^® AL restricted mycorrhizal colonization, host growth and P uptake to different levels. In contrast, contact fungicides Agrox^® FL and Thiram 75WP had minimal effects on mycorrhizal colonization, host growth and P uptake. Although consequent sporulation and glomalin-related protein production were not significantly affected by fungicides at an early host growth stage, the compositional structure of the AMF community in host roots was significantly altered in response to Agrox^® FL, Allegiance™ FL, Apron Maxx^® RTA^®, and Trilex^® AL as revealed by pyrosequencing-based analysis of fungal 18S rRNA. These results indicate that the suppressive effects of seed-applied fungicides on AMF development depend on specific fungicide-AMF interactions.     

Spiders (Araneae) in the pesticide world: an ecotoxicological review

Being one of the most abundant and species‐rich groups of natural enemies occurring in all agroecosystems, spiders are variably affected by pesticide applications. Here, a review is given of research on spider ecotoxicology. More than 40 species of spiders and almost 130 pesticides (acaricides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) have been tested so far in the field or under laboratory conditions. Field studies show that the degree of population reduction following pesticide application is a function of a number of factors inherent to pesticides, crops and spider species (guilds). These studies also revealed indirect effects via habitat and prey disruption. Among laboratory studies, a number of papers have investigated only the direct lethal effect. A meta‐analysis of these data reveals that spiders are mainly affected by acaricides and insecticides, particularly neurotoxic substances. Currently, ecotoxicological research on spiders is focused more on direct sublethal effects on a variety of behavioural traits (locomotion, predation, web‐building, reproduction, development) and physiology. Yet a standardised approach to the evaluation of sublethal effects is lacking. A few studies have provided some evidence for hormesis in spiders. Future research should be more concentrated on sublethal effects and the estimation of long‐term changes in spider populations as a result of pesticide treatment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

玉米秸秆与牛粪袋装堆肥的发酵技术研究

为探索袋装堆肥发酵的最佳技术参数,选用玉米秸秆与牛粪为材料,以C/N、发酵菌剂和含水量3因素进行正交试验。结果表明:1)综合考察各项指标,以C/N为35～40∶1、VT-1000为发酵菌剂和含水量为55%～65%的组合(A3B2D3)对玉米秸秆与牛粪袋装堆肥发酵的效果最佳。2)堆肥发酵结束后的有机质含量略有下降,但全磷和全钾含量均有所上升,堆肥毒性降低,腐熟度达到要求。结论:对秸秆与牛粪等废弃物采用袋装堆肥发酵能达到无害化处理的目的,实现废弃物的资源化利用。     

连续施药及室内药剂驯化对番茄灰葡萄孢对咯菌腈敏感性的影响

为了解连续施药对番茄灰葡萄孢对咯菌腈敏感性的影响,在温室条件下,从灰霉病发生初期开始,按推荐剂量(有效成分67.5 g/hm2)定期向番茄苗喷施咯菌腈,通过菌丝生长速率法检测灰葡萄孢对咯菌腈的敏感性。结果表明,在番茄1个生长季节中连续施药7次后,病菌对咯菌腈仍表现敏感,其EC50值在0.004 7～0.046 2 μg/mL之间。在含咯菌腈的PDA培养基上对30个灰葡萄孢敏感菌株进行药剂驯化7代后,共产生2个抗药性突变体(Rg-12和Rdz-28),其中Rg-12对咯菌腈的EC50值是其亲本菌株g-12的46倍,Rdz-28的EC50值大于500 μg/mL,2个抗性突变体在菌丝生长速率、产孢量和产菌核能力方面均显著低于其亲本菌株。推测灰葡萄孢可能不易对咯菌腈产生抗性,咯菌腈可作为防治番茄灰霉病的理想候选药剂。