Potential and actual uses of zeolites in crop protection

In this review, it is demonstrated that zeolites have a potential to be used as crop protection agents. Similarly to kaolin, zeolites can be applied as particle films against pests and diseases. Their honeycomb framework, together with their carbon dioxide sorption capacity and their heat stress reduction capacity, makes them suitable as a leaf coating product. Furthermore, their water sorption capacity and their smaller particle sizes make them effective against fungal diseases and insect pests. Finally, these properties also ensure that zeolites can act as carriers of different active substances, which makes it possible to use zeolites for slow‐release applications. Based on the literature, a general overview is provided of the different basic properties of zeolites as promising products in crop protection. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Occurrence of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani populations in Germany in response to QoI application,and its effect on sensitivity

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a highly destructive disease of potatoes. Control of early blight mainly relies on the use of preventive fungicide treatments. Because of their high efficacy, azoxystrobin and other quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are commonly used to manage early blight. However, loss of sensitivity to QoIs has previously been reported for A. solani in the United States. Two hundred and three A. solani field isolates collected from 81 locations in Germany between 2005 and 2011 were screened for the presence of the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b gene; of these, 74 contained the F129L mutation. Sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of two structurally different cytb genes, which differed in the presence (genotype I) or absence (genotype II) of an intron, with genotype I being the most prevalent (63% of isolates). The F129L mutation was detected only in genotype II isolates, where it occurred in 97%. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin was determined in conidial germination assays. All isolates possessing the F129L mutation had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and, to a lesser extent, to pyraclostrobin. Early blight disease severity on plants treated with azoxystrobin was significantly higher for A. solani isolates with reduced fungicide sensitivity in the conidial germination assay compared with sensitive isolates. Data suggest an accumulation of F129L isolates in the German A. solani population over the years 2009–2011. It is assumed that the application of QoIs has selected for the occurrence of F129L mutations, which may contribute to loss of fungicide efficacy.     

新型喹啉类化合物ZJ5337的生物活性

ZJ5337(碳酸苄酯-2,3,8-三甲基-6-七氟异丙基-4-喹啉酯)是浙江省化工研究院有限公司创制的一种新型喹啉类杀菌剂。测定了ZJ5337在离体条件下对稻瘟病菌的抑菌效果以及在温室及田间对水稻稻瘟病和黄瓜白粉病的防治效果。在离体条件下,10~20 mg/L的ZJ5337对稻瘟病菌附着孢的形成有显著抑制作用。温室盆栽试验结果表明:在50~100 mg/L剂量下,ZJ5337对水稻稻瘟病和黄瓜白粉病的防效均在80%以上,持效期为15 d左右;其在黄瓜植株根部和叶片之间以及叶片与叶片之间内吸输导性差;叶面喷雾1~3 h内降雨能明显降低药剂防效,但4 h后降雨对其防效无显著影响。田间试验结果表明,采用2.5%的ZJ5337乳油在有效成分质量浓度为300~500 mg/L下,对水稻稻瘟病的防效为66%~91%,且对水稻安全。     

稻田土壤8种真菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性分析

基于ITS-5.8s rDNA区序列,初步鉴定了浙江大学试验基地稻田土壤的8种常见真菌。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了井冈霉素、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和三唑酮4种常用杀菌剂对这8种土壤真菌的抑菌活性,以及多菌灵与咪鲜胺混用对禾柄锈菌、黑曲霉和长枝木霉3种真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明:8种真菌对咪鲜胺最敏感,EC50值在0.091~3.1 mg/L之间;多菌灵的EC50值在0.15~1.8 mg/L之间;三唑酮的EC50值在0.57~8.5 mg/L之间;井冈霉素的敏感性最低,EC50在12~94 mg/L之间。由4种杀菌剂的SSDs曲线分析结果得出,不同真菌对杀菌剂敏感性存在显著差异。当多菌灵与咪鲜胺按其EC50值分别以体积比3∶2、1∶1和7∶3混用时,增效系数分别为1.615、1.039和1.042,表现出一定的协同或相加作用。本研究结果为进一步阐明杀菌剂对稻田生态系统真菌群落的生态效应及杀菌剂的科学合理使用提供了重要依据。     

5种种衣剂防治小麦主要土传病害研究

研究了5种种衣剂对小麦土传病害纹枯病、全蚀病和根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,230g/L吡虫啉·苯醚·咯悬浮种衣剂综合防治效果优于其他药剂处理,对小麦纹枯病的防治效果为73.51%～95.05%,对小麦全蚀病的防治效果为73.01%～87.41%,对小麦根腐病的防治效果为65.51%～92. 09%。按药效其次依次是60g/L戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂、30g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂、25g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、15%多·福悬浮种衣剂。随着小麦的生长,各处理的防效逐渐降低,但直到枯白穗期还有一定防治效果。同时230g/L吡虫啉·苯醚·咯悬浮种衣剂对小麦增产作用明显。     

不同药剂对附子主要病害的防治效果研究

为有效防治附子病毒病、霜霉病、白绢病和根腐病,筛选出高效、低毒、无公害的防治药剂,选用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(1000亿cfu/g)、异菌脲悬浮剂(500 g/L)、咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂(25 g/L)、22.5％啶氧菌酯悬浮剂、47％春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂、60％唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂、6％寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂和吡唑醚菌...     

锌贝克、崇高和易斑净对柱花草炭疽病的防效

柱花草炭疽病Stylo anthracnose是严重影响柱花草Stylosanthes guianensis生产的主要病害之一,药剂防治是减轻该类病害的有效措施。试验结果表明：锌贝克、崇高和易斑净对炭疽菌菌落和分生孢子都有抑制作用, 其中锌贝克、崇高随着稀释倍数的增加菌落抑制率降低。药剂处理后5 d,易斑净3个处理梯度的抑菌率均达到和接近100%;锌贝克700倍的抑菌率达到95.45%,崇高10 000倍的药效达到82.13%;随着3种药剂稀释倍数的增加,孢子抑制率降低,在早期的12 h锌贝克700倍、崇高10 000倍、易斑净1 500倍药液处理完全抑制了孢子的萌发。但到了36 h,除易斑净1 500倍仍保持对孢子萌发的完全抑制外,锌贝克和崇高各处理梯度的抑制率均下降,其中崇高的下降幅度最大。盆栽药效试验中3种杀菌剂的稀释倍数均与防效成反比。处理后第7天锌贝克500倍防效为40.20%。易斑净1 000倍防效为36.62%。崇高7 000倍处理的防效达到22.15%。杀菌剂盆栽试验的防效明显低于室内试验.     

不同杀菌剂对马铃薯早疫病的田间防效试验

2009～2010年通过田间小区方法进行了6种杀菌剂防治马铃薯早疫病(Alternaria solani)的试验。结果表明:75%拿敌稳水分散性粒剂6 000倍、50%肟菌酯水分散性粒剂4 000倍、43%好力克悬浮剂3 000倍、25%阿米西达悬浮剂1 200倍效果均比较好,防效在82.0%～84.3%之间,70%安泰生可湿性粉剂400倍次之,防效75.9%～76.0%;80%代森锰锌500倍再次之,防效66.2%~66.8%。以上6种杀菌剂均可作为防治马铃薯早疫病的有效药剂应用。     

新型杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病病菌的室内毒力测定和田间效果分析

本研究采用生长速率法,在室内条件下测定了20%甲基立枯磷乳油、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油4种新型杀菌剂对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的毒力。结果表明,4种杀菌剂对立枯丝核菌都有一定的抑制作用,其中,20%甲基立枯磷乳油对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为6.9888×10-9 mg/L;24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂抑制作用次之,EC50为6.6995×10-7 mg/L;2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油的抑制作用稍差,EC50分别为7.6599×10-5 mg/L、1.0060×10-4 mg/L。田间防治黑痣病药效试验表明,4种药剂对马铃薯安全,其中20%甲基立枯磷乳油的防治最好,其次为24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂,2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油防治效果较低,这与室内测定结果一致,因此生产上可用20%甲基立枯磷乳油20 mL拌种100 kg、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂每667 m2沟施100 mL来防治马铃薯黑痣病。