亚马逊黑土及其黑碳颗粒中的真菌丰度和多样性互不相同

Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) is a highly fertile soil of anthropogenic origin characterized by high levels of charred black carbon (BC).It is considered a model of fertility;however,knowledge on the fungal community structure and diversity inhabiting ADE and its BC particles is scarce.Fungal community structure and diversity of ADE and its BC from four sites under different land uses (three agricultural systems and a secondary pristine forest) in the Brazilian Central Amazon were evaluated by 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing.Fungal communities in ADE and BC were dissimilar and showed differential abundances of fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs).Estimated fungal species richness (abundance-based coverage estimate and Chao-1 index) and diversity estimators (Shannon and Simpson's reciprocal indices) were higher in ADE than in BC in all agricultural areas.No differences were observed in those parameters in ADE and BC samples from the secondary forest.Pezizomycotina fungi and OTUs assigned to Cordyceps confragosa,Acremonium vitellinum,Camarops microspora,and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were more abundant in BC particles than in ADE.These findings represent a breakthrough in our understanding of fungal communities in BC particles from ADE,and will be valuable in future studies considering biochar application in soil.     

Microbial residues were increased by film mulching with manure amendment in a semiarid agroecosystem

Amino sugars, as a kind of microbial residue, are strongly associated with cycling of microbial-derived soil organic matter. However, responses of amino sugars to agricultural practices on the Loess Plateau in North-western China are poorly known. The objective was to evaluate effects of film mulching (no film mulching + NPK fertilizers, CK; film mulching + NPK fertilizers, PF; film mulching + NPK fertilizers + cow manure, FM) on accumulations of amino sugars in this region. FM significantly increased total amino sugar by 190.46 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer and 214.66 mg kg^?1 in 10–20 cm layer relative to CK, but PF significantly decreased it by 139.28 mg kg^?1 in 0–10 cm layer. Ratios of glucosamine to muramic acid were markedly decreased by 2.50 in 0–10 cm layer and 2.28 in 10–20 cm layer in FM than CK, suggesting a tendency of microbial residues pool shift towards bacterial residues in this agroecosystem. These results indicated film mulching alone was not benefitial to accumulation of amino sugar while organic manure contributed to the build-up of amino sugar partly due to manure contained microbial residues. The different patterns of amino sugars suggested significant changes in the quality of microbial-derived organic matter.     

喷雾诱导基因沉默技术在植物真菌病害防治中的研究进展

植物病原真菌是农业上的第一大病原菌,能够持续性地给全球的作物和果蔬产量带来严重的损失。目前真菌病害的防治方法主要依赖化学农药的大量使用,这也带来了真菌耐药性、食品安全以及生态环境污染等问题,因此开发应对病原真菌的新型绿色防控技术迫在眉睫。喷雾诱导基因沉默（spray induced gene silencing,SIGS）技术是一种通过外源施用双链RNA或小干扰RNA的方式来控制病原体关键靶标基因的生物技术,是农业生产上颇具潜力的新型绿色防控技术之一,目前已经成功应用于多种病原真菌的防控。本文主要综述了SIGS技术原理及其在植物真菌病害防治研究中的研究进展,旨在为开发用于防治植物病原真菌的生物农药提供研究基础。     

河南省小麦根、茎部内生真菌多样性及平板拮抗活性研究

To investigate the community composition and diversity of fungal endophytes in wheat roots and stems from different soil types in Henan Province, tissue isolation method was used to isolate and purify endophytic fungi from wheat plants collected from 22 counties/districts in five soil types, and the identification of the fungal endophytes fungi was based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. The community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi were analyzed. The results showed that 426 endophytic fungi were affiliated with 23 genera, among which Chaetomium spp. had the highest number accounting for 23.2% of the total strain number, followed by Penicillium spp.. Five strains were tested for the antifungal activity against both Rhizoctonia Cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearums on plate, and their inhibition rates against R. Cerealis ranged from 44.8% to 70.5% (zone widths 2.00~9.67 mm)while from 35.4% to 49.3% (zone widths 3.67~6.67 mm) against F. pseudograminearum. This paper clarifies the major taxa and their diversity of fungal endophytes in the roots and stems of wheat in different soil types in Henan Province, and their inhibitory effects on soil-borne fungi, providing a basis for the biological control of sharp eyespot and crown rot of wheat.     

Crossover between the control of fungal pathogens in medicine and the wider environment,and the threat of antifungal resistance

Fungal propagules existing in the natural environment can easily be transmitted to the human body, mostly by inhalation of contaminated air or direct contact onto the skin, nails, and mucosa. Fungal infections in humans are, as compared to viral and bacterial infections, rarely serious (life-threatening) unless the immune system is weakened. Because azole fungicides (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) are among the most important antifungal compounds used broadly in human and animal medicine as well as in agriculture and material protection, fungal propagules may come into contact with azoles almost everywhere, presenting a potential “crossover-use-pattern” and “cross-contamination-risk” for resistant propagules in all areas. A “hot-spot” in terms of the emergence of azole resistance in a fungal species is defined as a habitat in which the species is actively propagating and exposed to a fungicidally effective azole at available concentrations high enough to select for resistant individuals, potentially multiplying and spreading to other habitats. Intrinsic antifungal resistance may exist in less sensitive or insensitive species independent of previous exposure to antifungal compounds, whereas acquired antifungal resistance can evolve if triggered by the exposure of an originally sensitive species (or population) to agricultural or medical antifungal agents, resulting in the selection of resistant individuals. The origin and risks of these developments in medical settings and the wider environment are elucidated for the most relevant life-threatening fungal human pathogens, including several species of Cryptococcus, Candida, Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium, and Scedosporium.     

Using image analysis for quantitative assessment of needle bladder rust disease of Norway spruce

High elevation spruce forests of the European Alps are frequently infected by the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri, a pathogen causing remarkable defoliation, reduced tree growth and limited rejuvenation. Exact quantification of the disease severity on different spatial scales is crucial for monitoring, management and resistance breeding activities. Based on the distinct yellow discolouration of attacked needles, it was investigated whether image analysis of digital photographs can be used to quantify disease severity and to improve phenotyping compared to conventional assessment in terms of time, effort and application range. The developed protocol for preprocessing and analysis of digital RGB images enabled identification of disease symptoms and healthy needle areas on images obtained in ground surveys (total number of analysed images n = 62) and by the use of a semiprofessional quadcopter (n = 13). Obtained disease severities correlated linearly with results obtained by manual counting of healthy and diseased needles for all approaches, including images of individual branches with natural background (R² = 0.87) and with black background (R² = 0.95), juvenile plants (R² = 0.94), and top views and side views of entire tree crowns of adult trees (R² = 0.98 and 0.88, respectively). Results underline that a well‐defined signal related to needle bladder rust symptoms of Norway spruce can be extracted from images recorded by standard digital cameras and using drones. The presented protocol enables precise and time‐efficient quantification of disease symptoms caused by C. rhododendri and provides several advantages compared to conventional assessment by manual counting or visual estimations.     

不同埋藏方式及杀菌剂处理对黄土高原3种植物种子存活的影响

为了探讨黄土高原典型草原植物病原真菌如何影响土壤种子存活,采用“种子袋埋藏与取回”的方法,对该地区3种常见植物胡枝子、长芒草和狗尾草种子进行杀菌剂处理、并且以不同方式（单种或者不同种混合）装入尼龙网袋后埋入土壤中,在田间分别埋藏1和3个月后取回种子袋,统计每袋种子的存活情况,并且进行萌发试验,检测种子生活力状况。结果表明：1）长芒草种子的田间发芽率最高,平均约为51.9%,显著高于胡枝子（14.6%）和狗尾草（26.1%）（P<0.05）;随着埋藏时间的增加,3种植物种子发芽率显著增加;然而杀菌剂处理以及不同埋藏方式对种子发芽率没有显著影响。2）胡枝子种子的田间死亡率最低,平均约为1%,长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为5.1%和4.4%;埋藏1个月后,杀菌剂未处理和单种埋藏条件下长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为12.5%和11.0%,显著高于其他处理组合下两种植物种子的死亡率（P<0.05）;胡枝子种子在埋藏1和3个月时,其种子死亡率在不同处理组合之间均无显著差异。3）长芒草种子的室内萌发率最高,平均约为64.3%,显著高于胡枝子（5.9%）和狗尾草（29.2%）（P<0.05）。随着埋藏时间的增加,胡枝子和狗尾草种子的室内萌发率显著下降,而长芒草种子的室内萌发率却显著增加。结果表明,病原真菌对土壤种子存活的影响因植物种而异;较单种埋藏相比,混合埋藏降低了种子的死亡率,可能是由于混合埋藏稀释了病原真菌的效应所致。     

黄蓝状菌几丁质酶基因tfchi1的克隆、表达及抗菌活性

 为研究黄蓝状菌（Talaromyces flavus）几丁质酶性质和作用,通过RT PCR、3′ RACE及5′ TAIL PCR技术克隆了一个黄蓝状菌几丁质酶基因tfchi1,该基因全长为2 561 bp,含有6个内含子,包含一个1 194 bp的ORF,编码397个氨基酸,分子量为43.47 kDa,属于糖苷水解酶第18家族。利用基因重组的方法构建酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K/tfchi1,并转化毕赤酵母,筛选得到一株高效表达几丁质酶的工程菌GS TFCHI1 9,甲醇诱导第7 d酶活性最高,达32.29 U·mL-1。SDS PAGE检测纯化重组蛋白的分子量约44 kDa。重组几丁质酶Tfchi1最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为5.5,在pH 6～8之间稳定。Zn2+、Cu2+对 Tfchi1活性有明显的抑制作用。抑菌活性测定结果显示,Tfchi1可明显抑制敏感植物病原真菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。该酶在几丁质资源的开发利用和生物防治等领域具有较广的应用前景。     

基因枪介导的转基因小麦的获得与鉴定

运用基因工程技术将外源抗病基因直接导入具有优良农艺性状的小麦品种中,能够获得抗赤霉病小麦新品种。采用基因枪介导的共转化法,以bar基因为筛选标记,将几丁质酶基因导入长江中下游小麦栽培品种郑麦9023,T0代经过PCR鉴定,获得6株阳性植株,表明几丁质酶基因已整合到小麦基因组中。     

奇台窖藏马铃薯病害病原鉴定

【目的】研究引起新疆奇台窖藏马铃薯发生病害的病原种类,为新疆马铃薯窖藏病害的科学防治提供依据。【方法】2019年3月采集新疆奇台农场3个大窖病薯(大西洋品种)块茎。采用组织分离法、结合显微形态观察和柯赫氏法则、结合16S rDNA、ITS等鉴定方法,分离得到马铃薯窖藏病害的病原菌。【结果】从病薯中总计分离出12株菌株,其中致病菌有致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、虱状赤霉(Gibberella pulicaris)、白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)。【结论】 致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和虱状赤霉(Gibberella pulicaris)的致病性较强;由白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)引起的马铃薯病害在国内为首次报道。