基于营养竞争原理的大豆根腐病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选及其特性研究

利用营养竞争平板筛选法获得了可在大豆麦麸(SWB)培养基上快速生长并拮抗大豆根腐病菌Fusarium oxysporum和F.solani的芽孢杆菌菌株B006和B010。通过16S rDNA序列分析、形态观察和生理生化性状测定,将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。田间小区试验结果表明,以种子处理(108cfu/mL,药种比为1∶60)和以麦麸为载体的固体菌剂土壤沟施(106cfu/g,用量195 kg/ha)B006和B010菌剂对真叶期大豆根腐病的防治效果分别为74.6%和63.5%,高于商品化学农药35%多福合剂种子处理的防效(P=0.05),大豆产量分别增加13.8%和24.0%。利用特异引物对生防功能基因的扩增结果表明,bmyB、fenD、bioA和srfAA基因以及srfAB基因簇的片段在2个菌株中均存在,而ituC基因仅存在于B010菌株中。对菌株生防功能基因的分析有助于今后高效菌株的快速筛选和对生防菌作用机制的研究。     

Allometric Estimates of Aboveground Biomass Using Cover and Height Are Improved by Increasing Specificity of Plant Functional Groups in Eastern Australian Rangelands

Plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is a useful metric to assess ecosystem functioning, and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions provides insight into potential global change impacts. Allometric estimates of AGB using vegetation characteristics such as plant cover or height provide nondestructive biomass proxies for repeated measurements but can introduce uncertainty to estimates. We estimated the relationship between both plant cover and a cover·height index and AGB for 15 plant species from six sites to identify the most reliable approach to estimate biomass nondestructively in semiarid eastern Australian rangelands. Estimates were made by grouping species at four different levels of specificity, to test whether generic estimates were more robust than grouping species based on life history and morphological characteristics. Estimates were then tested on a 1.5-m² plot at each site for validation. In all cases, models were highly significant (P < 0.001) with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96 for cover models and 0.38 to 0.98 for cover·height index models. We found the addition of height improved model fits in four groups while reducing model fits in two groups. The error around AGB estimates for cover·height index−based models ranged from −66.8 to 4% (absolute mean 35%). Cover-based models had errors between −13.4% and 53% (absolute mean 14.2%). For cover-based estimates of AGB in validation plots, grouping plants by plant functional types (PFTs) increased accuracy (absolute mean error 17.3%) compared with estimates using data from all 15 species (absolute mean of 65.2%). Overall cover was a useful surrogate to estimate AGB (with the exception of one site, accuracy ranged from −2.3% to 11.5%), while height (thought to be a surrogate for canopy characteristics) provided benefit in a few circumstances. We suggest that future research should test additional nondestructive proxies and group species based on PFTs to improve AGB estimates using allometry.     

何首乌的功能成分与保健功效

何首乌含有二苯乙烯苷、蒽醌和磷脂等多种有效成分。阐述了何首乌的功能成分和保健功效,并指出今后的研究方向,以促进何首乌保健食品和药品的健康快速发展。     

低值水产品及水产副产品的加工与综合利用

低值水产品及其副产品通常经过简单加工后被作为饲料利用或直接作为废物丢弃,不仅造成资源浪费,而且造成对环境的污染。研究表明,利用高新技术,可以把低值水产品或水产品下脚料加工成功能性鱼油制品、新型鱼糜制品、海鲜调味品和营养丰富的水解鱼蛋白饲料等高附加值的产品,以及骨糊、硫酸软骨素和骨胶等功能性添加剂。这些产品的研究开发为低值水产品及副产品的加工利用提供了新的途径。     

多邻域保持嵌入的人脸识别方法

现有流形学习算法在学习人脸数据时,假设所有数据点位于单一低维嵌入流形之上,当数据点实际分布在不同的流形上时,单流形假设就会影响数据真实空间结构。为此提出一种基于多邻域保持嵌入（multiple neighborhood preserving embedding, M-NPE）的学习算法来发现不同类别数据在不同维度的低维嵌入空间中分布的多流形结构。首先,单独学习不同类别数据的流形,得到反映其本质特征的流形;再通过遗传算法搜索每个流形的最优维数;最后依据最小重构误差分类器对样本分类。在Extended Yale B和CMU PIE这2个大型人脸库上实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

水稻抗咪唑啉酮类除草剂基因ALS功能标记的开发与应用

选育和利用抗除草剂水稻品种具有重要的生产实践意义。通过筛选水稻资源, 发现了抗除草剂材料金粳818, 其ALS基因编码区第1880位碱基存在一个由G到A的碱基变异, 导致丝氨酸突变为天冬酰胺, 从而具有除草剂抗性。本研究基于该位点的碱基变异, 设计了11条等位基因特异PCR (allelic-specific PCR, AS-PCR)引物, 经过优化筛选, 获得两个引物组合F1N (S1/S9)和F1M (S1/S10), 将该标记命名为AS-ALS。利用F₂群体及其亲本和杂交种, 结合AS-ALS标记检测和除草剂抗性分析, 结果表明感除草剂ALS-G等位基因型只能被F1N引物对有效扩增, 抗除草剂ALS-A等位基因型只能被F1M引物对有效扩增, 而杂合基因型能同时被两对引物F1N和F1M扩增, ALS-A纯合或杂合等位基因型都表现抗除草剂, ALS-G纯合基因型表现感除草剂。因此本研究开发的标记能有效区分除草剂抗性基因的3种基因型, 基因型与表型完全对应。该标记用于回交育种, 可以选择ALS-A杂合基因型单株, 剔除ALS-G纯合等位基因型, 在自交的F₂保留ALS-A纯合基因型单株, 连续自交, 能快速获得除草剂抗性稳定的水稻材料。该除草剂抗性基因的功能标记还可用于咪唑啉酮类除草剂抗性资源筛选。     

豆渣膳食纤维的研究

目前,从豆渣中提取膳食纤维,并利用其制备功能型食品,引起国内外的广泛关注。系统阐述了豆渣中膳食纤维的提取方式及影响因素,并介绍了膳食纤维在食品制造业中的应用。     

Connectivity,habitat, and flow regime influence fish assemblage structure: Implications for environmental water management in a perennial river of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia

1. Environmental water management seeks to balance competing demands between the water needed to sustain human populations and their economic activities and that required to sustain functioning freshwater ecosystems and the species they support. It must be predicated on an understanding of the environmental, hydrological, and biological factors that determine the distribution and abundance of aquatic species.
2. The Daly River of the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia consists of a perennially flowing main stem and large tributaries, as well as many small to large naturally intermittent tributaries, and associated off‐channel wetlands. Increased groundwater abstraction to support irrigated agriculture during the dry season threatens to reduce dry‐season flows that maintain perenniality and persistence of freshwater fishes.
3. Fish assemblages were surveyed at 55 locations during the dry season over a 2‐year period with the goal of establishing the key landscape‐scale and local‐scale (i.e. habitat) drivers of fish species distribution.
4. Longitudinal (upstream/downstream) and lateral (river/floodplain) gradients in assemblage structure were observed with the latter dependent on the position in the river landscape. Underlying these gradients, stream flow intermittency influenced assemblage composition, species richness, and body size distributions. Natural constraints to dispersal were identified and their influence on assemblage structure was also dependent on position within the catchment.
5. Eight distinct assemblage types were identified, defined by differences in the abundance of species within five groups differing in functional traits describing body size, spawning requirements, and dispersal capacity. These functional groups largely comprised species widely distributed in northern Australia.
6. The results of the study are discussed with reference to the environmental flow needs of the Daly River and other rivers of northern Australia. The findings may also be applied to environmental flow management in savannah rivers elsewhere.

     

紫花苜蓿盐诱导类受体蛋白激酶基因MsSIK1的克隆及功能分析

【目的】对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L. cv. Zhongmu-1）stress-induced protein kinase gene 1（MsSIK1）进行克隆与表达研究,了解该基因的分子机制及其应用。【方法】以紫花苜蓿叶片总RNA为模板,根据同源克隆设计简并引物,利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,获得MsSIK1的编码序列。利用同源性比对进行序列分析。通过SMART网站（http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/）模拟该基因的蛋白结构。构建MsSIK1的亚细胞定位瞬时表达载体,使用基因枪转化法将MsSIK1与GFP在洋葱表皮细胞中融合瞬时表达并观察其亚细胞定位荧光信号。通过Real time-PCR分析MsSIK1在NaCl、ABA和干旱处理条件下的表达特征。利用农杆菌侵染方法获得转基因拟南芥植株,通过RT-PCR对转基因植株进行表达鉴定,获得转基因植株后,利用转基因株系进行盐处理进而对成苗期转基因拟南芥性状鉴定。在盐胁迫处理下,测定野生型与转基因株系的叶绿素含量、MDA含量进而验证该基因的抗盐功能。【结果】获得MsSIK1编码序列2 478 bp,编码825个氨基酸。该蛋白C端与多种植物激酶具有相当高的同源性,模拟蛋白结构发现该基因具有类受体蛋白激酶高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸结构域、跨膜结构域和富含亮氨酸重复序列的膜外结构域。Real time-PCR分析表明该基因在NaCl、ABA和干旱处理条件下上调表达,其中在盐处理条件下,MsSIK1表达先升高后降低,在处理4 h时达到最大值（约为对照值的7倍）。在干旱胁迫处理时,MsSIK1受诱导表达增强明显,当处理2 h时表达量达到最大值（约为对照值的6倍）;ABA处理时,MsSIK1被诱导表达明显,当处理3 h时表达量达到最大值,约为对照值的6.8倍。MsSIK1与GFP融合瞬时表达的洋葱表皮细胞中的荧光信号主要集中于质膜附近,转化空载体的洋葱表皮细胞中的荧光信号分布于细胞各个部位。转基因植株的RT-PCR鉴定表明,T₁代6个株系中所得到的MsSIK1条带明显、亮度高,且T₁-10中表达量最高;但在野生型中检测不到该条带,说明外源基因已经整合到拟南芥染色体中并能遗传到子代。成苗期转基因拟南芥盐处理后发现T₃-2、T₃-6、T₃-10转基因株系较野生型植株长势好,说明MsSIK1的转入提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。与对照相比,转MsSIK1拟南芥在NaCl处理下,叶绿素含量下降较少,其中,野生型叶绿素含量降低了77%,T₃-3降低了53%,T₃-6降低了44%,T₃-10降低了35%;同样盐胁迫下,3个转基因株系的MDA含量积累较少,其中,野生型MDA的含量是T₃-10株系的1.3倍。【结论】MsSIK1作为一个类受体蛋白激酶受多种逆境胁迫诱导,该基因的过量表达提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。     

适宜干燥方法提高干制枸杞品质

为缩短鲜枸杞的干制时间,获得高品质的干制枸杞,该文通过比较自然晾晒、燃煤烘干房以及太阳能干燥设备对枸杞的干燥效率的差异以及测定并分析3种干燥方式获得干果的主要功能性成分（总糖、总黄酮、多糖、甜菜碱,类胡萝卜素）含量及外观品质和出糖率的差异。试验结果表明,采用太阳能干燥设备干燥枸杞的时间最少约为26 h,功能性成分总质量分数约71.71 g/(100 g),与其他2种干燥方式相比功能性成分损失降低,干枸杞色泽更接近鲜枸杞的色泽,出糖率约为1.53%,低于其他2种干燥方式。太阳能干燥设备对于枸杞干燥具有显著的优势,应用前景广阔。