A study on soil solarization and combined with fumigant application to control Phytophthora crown blight (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) on peppers in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey

Field trials conducted in the pepper growing area ( çel/Turkey) showed that solarization alone and combined with a reduced dose of methyl bromide (40 g/m²), were effective in controlling crown blight disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. Solarization was achieved by covering plots with a clear polyethylene sheet, 0.03 mm thick for 8 weeks. The temperature reached 47 °C and 35 °C at 5 cm and 30 cm soil depth, respectively, an average of 3–8 °C higher than those at equivalent depths in the untreated plots. The average incidence of the disease in solarization plus a reduced dose of methyl bromide, the recommended dose of methyl bromide, solarized and untreated plots in 1991 and 1992 were 17.6 and 13.3%; 20.8 and 16.8%; 24.1 and 19.7%; 39.8 and 42.9%, respectively. All treatments significantly reduced disease incidence.     

Diffusion and emissions of 1,3-dichloro propene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture, organic matter amendment and plastic cover (a virtually impermeable film, VIF) on diffusion and emissions of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in microplots of Florida sandy soil (Arredondo fine sand). Upward diffusion of the two isomers in the Arredondo soil without a plastic cover was greatly influenced by soil-water content and (Z)-1,3-D diffused faster than (E)-1,3-D. In less than 5 h after 1,3-D injection to 30 cm depth, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in air dry soil had diffused to a 10 cm depth, whereas diffusion for the two isomers was negligible in near-water-saturated soil, even 101 h after injection. The diffusion rate of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in near-field-capacity soil was between the rates in the two water regimes. Yard waste compost (YWC) amendment greatly reduced diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D, even in air-dry soil. Although upward diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D in soil with VIF cover was slightly less than in the corresponding bare soil; the cover promoted retention of vapors of the two isomers in soil pore air in the shallow subsurface. More (Z)-1,3-D vapor was found initially in soil pore air than (E)-1,3-D although the difference declined thereafter. As a result of rapid upward movement in air-dry bare soil, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D were rapidly volatilized into the atmosphere, but emissions from the near-water-saturated soil were minimal. Virtually impermeable film and YWC amendment retarded emissions. This study indicated that adequate soil water in this sandy soil is needed to prevent rapid emissions, but excess soil water slows diffusion of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D. Thus, management for optimum water in soil is critical for pesticidal efficacy and the environment.     

低温臭氧处理对草莓常见害虫的熏蒸活性研究

为了在草莓进出口贸易中建立一种高效的替代溴甲烷熏蒸的检疫处理技术,研究了臭氧低温处理对主要草莓害虫的控制效果和效率。以臭氧作为熏蒸剂,在不同低温条件下(2、4℃)设置不同剂量,对草莓主要害虫桃蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]、朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)]、一种立毛属蚂蚁(Parathrechina spp.)进行室内熏蒸毒力测定。结果表明,3种草莓害虫2 h的LC50(LC99)分别为1.60(3.83)和1.97(4.25)mg/L、0.41(4.16)和0.36(8.64)mg/L、2.08(23.69)和2.67(21.90)mg/L(依次为桃蚜、朱砂叶螨、蚂蚁在2℃和4℃时的数据)。在4℃环境下,利用200 mg/kg(0.43 mg/L)臭氧熏蒸,桃蚜的LT50和LT99分别为10.48和196.28 h,朱砂叶螨的分别为0.69和5.08 h,蚂蚁的分别为16.56和174.75 h。     

Fumigant activity of (E)-anethole identified in Illicium verum fruit against Blattella germanica

The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of star anise, Illicium verum, against adults of Blattella germanica were examined by direct contact application and fumigation methods, and compared with those of DDVP, deltamethrin and hydramethylnon. The biologically active constituent of the Illicium fruit was characterized as the phenylpropene, (E)-anethole, by spectroscopic analysis. In a filter paper diffusion test with females, (E)-anethole caused 80.3% mortality at 0.159 mg cm-2 at 1 and 3 days after treatment (DAT), whereas 16.7% mortality at 3 DAT was achieved at 0.079 mg cm-2. DDVP and deltamethrin gave > 90% mortality at 0.019 mg cm-2 at 1 DAT. At 0.009 mg cm-2, DDVP and deltamethrin showed 73.3 and 60% mortality at 1 DAT, respectively, but 93.3 and 76.7% mortality at 3 DAT. Hydramethylnon exhibited 0 and 93.3% mortality at 0.159 mg cm-2 at 1 and 3 DAT, respectively, whereas 6.7% mortality at 3 DAT was observed at 0.079 mg cm-2. In a fumigation test with females, (E)-anethole was much more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of the compound was largely attributable to fumigant action. (E)-Anethole and DDVP caused 100% mortality at 0.398 and 0.051 mg cm-2 4 and 1 h after treatment, respectively. (E)-Anethole showed 46.7% mortality at 0.199 mg cm-2 at 3 DAT, whereas deltamethrin and hydramethylnon at 0.796 mg cm-2 was ineffective for 3-day period. As naturally occurring insect-control agents, the I verum fruit-derived materials described could be useful for managing populations of B germanica.     

大蒜素对储粮害虫熏蒸作用的研究

利用大蒜素对3种储粮害虫米象(Sitophilus oryzae L.)、玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)和谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dom-inica Fabricius)的不同虫态进行了熏蒸作用的研究.结果表明,大蒜素对储粮害虫有明显的熏蒸作用.室内熏蒸3d大蒜素对米象、玉米象和谷蠹成虫的LC50值分别为6.38,3.02,0.88μL.L-1.室内模拟药效熏蒸3 d,对米象、玉米象和谷蠹成虫的LC50值分别为45.77,13.36,11.37μL.L-1.在对3种成虫进行模拟药效熏蒸时,小麦对大蒜素有一定的吸附作用.大蒜素浓度为40μL.L-1时,对米象、玉米象和谷蠹幼虫的校正死亡率分别为92.00%,93.33%,99.33%;对蛹的校正死亡率分别为76.00%,86.00%,92.91%,说明幼虫比蛹对大蒜素更敏感。     

水菖蒲活性物质β-细辛醚对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸作用

为了确定水菖蒲活性成分β-细辛醚对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸效果,采用密封熏蒸方法测定了β-细辛醚对赤拟谷盗幼虫、蛹和成虫的熏蒸作用.结果表明:β-细辛醚对赤拟谷盗3种虫态均有一定的熏蒸作用,且对赤拟谷盗低龄幼虫的熏蒸效果要比高龄幼虫明显;当β-细辛醚熏蒸浓度为200μL/L时,熏蒸48 h后蛹的校正死亡率为34.32%;β-细辛醚对赤拟谷盗成虫熏蒸120 h后的LC50为116.48μL/L.     

顶空气相色谱法测定小麦中熏蒸剂氰及其代谢物氰化氢的残留量

采用溶剂顶空毛细管气相色谱-氮磷检测器(NPD)建立了熏蒸剂氰(C2N2)及其代谢物氰化氢(HCN)在小麦中残留的分析方法。在气相与液相体积比(β)为4时,采用GS-Q大孔毛细管色谱柱和进样60 μL顶空气体,可提高C2N2和HCN的分离效果和灵敏度。以质量分数为50%的磷酸作溶剂,在25 ℃下平衡4 h,C2N2和HCN在液相与气相间的分配系数(k)分别为0.44和48.82。平衡温度和基质对C2N2和HCN挥发的影响存在差异,而盐化效应的影响较小。用50% 的磷酸提取熏蒸过的小麦72 h,释放至顶空的C2N2和HCN的量最大,用添加标准品的小麦作标准可评价熏蒸小麦中C2N2和HCN的残留量。C2N2和HCN标准曲线的线性范围分别在质量浓度为1.0~500 μg/L和1.2~500 μg/L之间,相关系数(R2)分别为0.999 7和0.999 8,相对标准偏差分别为4.6%和7.4%,检出限(LOD)分别为0.032和0.145 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)分别为0.107和0.483 mg/kg。方法操作简单、灵敏度高、干扰少,适用于小麦中C2N2和HCN残留量的检测。     

Distribution and efficacy of drip-applied metam-sodium against the survival of Rhizoctonia solani and yellow nutsedge in plastic-mulched sandy soil beds

The effects of metam-sodium application rate on soil residence time, spatial and temporal distributions of methyl isothiocyanate and pest control efficacy were studied in a Georgia sandy soil. Metam-sodium 420 g L(-1) SL was drip applied at rates of 147 and 295 L ha(-1) in plastic-mulched raised beds. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in soil air space were monitored from four preselected sites: 10 and 20 cm below the emitter, and 20 and 30 cm laterally away from the emitter at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 240 h after chemigation. A higher rate of metam-sodium application resulted in higher methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil. Highest methyl isothiocyanate concentrations were found at 20 cm below the emitter, and lowest at 30 cm laterally away from the emitter. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations decreased with time and distance from the emitter. Lower methyl isothiocyanate concentration x time product values at 20 and 30 cm away from the emitter resulted in lower mortalities of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). The results demonstrated that methyl isothiocyanate can be delivered at lethal doses with drip-applied water downward within the beds. Lateral diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate from the point of application did not reach biologically active concentrations to affect the survival of R. solani or yellow nutsedge. Further studies on the lateral distribution of methyl isothiocyanate in sandy soils are needed to circumvent this limitation.