鲢中国土著群体与海外移居群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP技术从长江群体内(邗江、老河)、中国长江、珠江、黑龙江群体间以及中国土著群体和海外移居群体(多瑙河、密西西比河)间3个层面分析了鲢自然群体在世界范围内的遗传格局。结果表明,邗江、老河、珠江、黑龙江群体的Nei氏基因多样性(H)分别为0.0481±0.1151、0.0659±0.1333、0.0510±0.1155和0.0661±0.1364,多瑙河、密西西比河群体分别为0.0576±0.1250和0.0540±0.1221;中国土著鲢总的遗传多样性(0.0729±0.1295)高于海外移居群体。AMOVA分析表明,群体间差异对群体总遗传变异的贡献率为8.14%,而群体内差异的贡献率为91.86%。长江石首与邗江群体间的遗传分化FST值为0.0701(P<0.01),长江、珠江、黑龙江群体间的FST值为0.0704(P<0.01),中国土著群体与海外移居群体间的FST值为0.0424(P<0.01),鲢中国土著群体内、土著群体与海外移居群体间均表现分化显著。研究结果为进一步监测海内、外鲢自然群体的遗传变化趋势积累基础资料。     

Molecular genetic structure and relationship of Chinese and Hungarian common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) strains based on mitochondrial sequence

China and Hungary are major providers of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in East Asia and Europe respectively. However, the genetic variation and relationship of this species in the two countries have been poorly understood. In this study, mitochondrial COII‐tRNA^Lys and D‐loop sequences were analysed to investigate the genetic structure and relationships of the representative wild and domesticated common carps distributed in China and Hungary. The results indicated that the genetic diversities of the Chinese common carps are higher than those of Hungarian common carps, and the diversities of the wild common carps are higher than those of domesticated common carps in both the countries. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F_ST demonstrated a significant genetic divergence between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, and between the wild and the domesticated common carps. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and statistical parsimony network showed an obvious genetic differentiation between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, between the wild and the domesticated common carps. However, a few specimens and haplotypes from the Chinese wild common carps appeared in the Hungarian common carps, demonstrating that there was no absolutely isolated and possible genetic linker between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps.     

不同地理群体三疣梭子蟹mtDNA本底甲基化水平分析

利用重亚硫酸盐测序法,对适于三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)线粒体基因组甲基化分析的BSP(Bisulfite sequencing PCR)引物进行了筛选,在设计的21对引物中,获得了12对BSP引物。利用这12对引物分析了三疣梭子蟹海州湾群体(江苏连云港)和莱州湾群体(山东东营)线粒体基因组本底甲基化水平,结果表明:海州湾群体不存在甲基化现象,莱州湾群体发现了2个个体在ND2基因(NADH脱氢酶亚基2)位点存在甲基化现象;在存在甲基化的个体中,甲基化类型主要为CHG和CHH类型,还有少量Cp G类型。该研究结果说明,莱州湾群体和海州湾群体线粒体基因组本底水平上的甲基化特征存在一定差异,相关研究值得进一步深入探讨。     

Influence of larval transport and temperature on recruitment dynamics of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) across spatial scales of observation

The survival of fish eggs and larvae, and therefore recruitment success, can be critically affected by transport in ocean currents. Combining a model of early‐life stage dispersal with statistical stock–recruitment models, we investigated the role of larval transport for recruitment variability across spatial scales for the population complex of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua). By using a coupled physical–biological model, we estimated the egg and larval transport over a 44‐year period. The oceanographic component of the model, capable of capturing the interannual variability of temperature and ocean current patterns, was coupled to the biological component, an individual‐based model (IBM) that simulated the cod eggs and larvae development and mortality. This study proposes a novel method to account for larval transport and success in stock–recruitment models: weighting the spawning stock biomass by retention rate and, in the case of multiple populations, their connectivity. Our method provides an estimate of the stock biomass contributing to recruitment and the effect of larval transport on recruitment variability. Our results indicate an effect, albeit small, in some populations at the local level. Including transport anomaly as an environmental covariate in traditional stock–recruitment models in turn captures recruitment variability at larger scales. Our study aims to quantify the role of larval transport for recruitment across spatial scales, and disentangle the roles of temperature and larval transport on effective connectivity between populations, thus informing about the potential impacts of climate change on the cod population structure in the North Sea.     

Evaluation of replacing fish meal with corn protein concentrate in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings commercial diet

Four isocaloric‐isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 50, 100 and 190 g/kg corn protein concentrate (CPC) as replacement for dietary fish meal were fed to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings for 8 weeks. Tilapia growth parameters were not significantly (p > .05) different in fish fed diets with 0, 50 and 100 g/kg CPC and found to be superior compared to those fed on 190 g/kg CPC. Fish dressing ratios and body composition were similar among all treatments. The electron microscope indicated that the stomach size of control fish was slightly smaller and the wall was thinner while the stomach of the fish fed all other levels of CPC undergone a remarkable size increase and their walls were thicker after feeding diets with CPC. Total aerobic bacterial and coliform counts were significantly decreased in fish intestine when fed diets with 100 and 190 g/kg CPC compared with fish fed diets with 0 g/kg or 50 g/kg CPC. This study indicates that it is possible to replace up to 534 g/kg of dietary fish meal in tilapia fingerlings using 100 g/kg of CPC without any negative effect on fish growth and proximate body composition.     

Genetic identification of native populations of fluvial white-spotted charr <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus leucomaenis</Emphasis> in the upper Tone River drainage

ABSTRACT:   Stocking of exogenous, hatchery-reared white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis has been conducted throughout much of their range in Honshu Island, Japan, to increase angling opportunities. Although the native charr populations are thought to have declined because of hybridization with introduced fish, their distribution and genetic status have been uncertain. Fine population structures of charr in the upper Tone River drainage were examined using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses so as to clarify the presence of native populations. One common mtDNA haplotype was detected in all populations in the Ohashi River and Watarase River, and four and one tributary populations were monomorphic for such haplotypes, respectively. However, several haplotypes, considered to have originated from stocked hatchery fish, were observed in the stocked and the remaining populations. Judging from the genetic integrity over a fine geographic scale, the former were considered as indicative of native populations and the latter as admixtures with hatchery fish. Comparisons of genetic diversity, deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, principal component analysis, and relatedness estimations based on microsatellite DNA can also provide evidence for distinguishing native populations from those influenced by hatchery fish.     

寡聚糖、抗生素、益生素对仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群影响的研究

选择 12窝仔猪 ,随机分为 6组 ,每组 2窝 ,从 7日龄开始进行为期 8周的饲养试验 ,在4周末断奶 ,研究了基础日粮中添加寡聚糖、益生素、金霉素以及寡聚糖取代部分抗生素对仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群的影响。结果表明 ,与对照组相比 ,寡聚糖或其与金霉素配伍 ( 2 5mg及 12 .50mg· kg-1饲粮 )使用 ,使仔猪在 0～ 4周日增重分别提高 16.81% ( P>0 .0 5)、 15.91 ( P>0 .0 5)、 15.32 ( P>0 .0 5) ;腹泻率分别降低 7.83 ( P<0 .0 1)、 8.68 ( P<0 .0 1)、 8.35( P<0 .0 1)。在 5～ 8周 ,使仔猪日增重分别提高 9.55 ( P>0 .0 5)、 4 8.84 ( P<0 .0 5)、 38.74( P<0 .0 5) ;料肉比分别降低 0 .2 1( P<0 .0 5)、 0 .4 1( P<0 .0 1)、 0 .4 6( P<0 .0 1) ;腹泻率分别降低 12 .78 ( P<0 .0 1)、 2 2 .2 3 ( P<0 .0 1)、 2 0 .88 ( P<0 .0 1)。 0 .15益生素使 0～ 4周的仔猪腹泻率降低 4 .82 ( P<0 .0 5) ,在 5～ 8周使料肉比降低 0 .17( P<0 .0 5) ,腹泻率降低 4 .90( P<0 .0 5)。金霉素 ( 50 mg· kg-1饲粮 )组在 5～ 8周腹泻率降低 5.16% ( P<0 .0 5)。抗生素、益生素在 0～ 4及 5～ 8周对日增重的影响不大 ( P>0 .0 5)。 2 1日龄和 4 9日龄取新鲜粪样测定结果表明 :寡聚糖或寡聚糖与     

基于种间竞争的遗传算法的改进

提出基于种间竞争的基本遗传算法的改进算法,并编写程序实现该改进算法.通过考核实例计算,发现改进后的算法具有更强的鲁棒性.     

Richards模型的推广研究

在单种群生长模型的基础上提出了多种群下的Richards模型,并对相关的参数给出了明确的生物学意义,认为该模型有效地包括了种群的竞争关系,偏利与偏害关系,共生与互惠关系等。同时,对两种群下的情况进行了稳定性分析,结果表明,两种群下的相互作用方程是该模型的一个特例,表明多种群下的Richards模型在一定程度上拓展了Richards模型的应用空间。最后对模型进行了一部分定性的讨论。     

磺胺二甲基嘧啶对土壤微生物活动的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了磺胺二甲基嘧啶对不同土壤中微生物呼吸活动和种群数量的影响。结果表明,所测药物对不同土壤中微生物呼吸活动的影响有所差异。在污染的中后期,长春土中加入一定量的磺胺二甲基嘧啶能刺激土壤的呼吸作用;而在成都土中,高浓度的药物对土壤的呼吸有抑制作用。磺胺二甲基嘧啶对土壤中的细菌的生长也表现出一定的抑制作用,长春土对细菌的抑制作用较为突出。不同土壤的抑制作用表现出时间差异,24h的抑制率高于48h。用药后48h,磺胺二甲基嘧啶对武汉土中真菌的生长表现出明显的抑制作用,药物浓度越低,抑制作用越强;药物对长春土中真菌的生长也有一定的抑制作用,而在另外2种土壤中,药物对真菌的生长没有表现出抑制作用。