香蕉穿孔线虫观赏植物种群对香蕉的致病性研究

 【目的】为了明确香蕉穿孔线虫（Radopholus similis）观赏植物种群对香蕉（Musa spp.）的致病性。【方法】通过室内盆栽接种测试的方法,研究侵入中国的6个香蕉穿孔线虫观赏植物种群对大蕉、粉蕉、皇帝蕉和巴西蕉的幼苗的致病性。【结果】供试的6个香蕉穿孔线虫观赏植物种群都能明显侵染大蕉、粉蕉和皇帝蕉,并显著抑制大蕉、粉蕉和皇帝蕉的生长;只有2个种群对巴西蕉表现为弱致病,对其生长有一定的抑制。【结论】侵入中国的6个香蕉穿孔线虫观赏植物种群普遍对大蕉、粉蕉和皇帝蕉有明显的致病性,少数种群对巴西蕉有一定的致病作用。     

不同行株距种植对甜高粱生物量和茎秆汁液锤度的影响

研究了甜高粱杂交种‘醇甜2号’在相同株距(20 cm)、不同行距(40、60和80 cm)以及相同行距(60 cm)、不同株距(13.3、20.0和26.7 cm),及其配置引起的不同密度条件下单株生物量、单位面积生物量及茎秆汁液锤度(糖分积累)的变化,结果表明其差异显著(α<0.05)。在6.2万、8.3万和12.5万株/hm2的密度下,都表现出较大的株距有利于上述3个指标的积累。其中,6.2万株/hm2密度下单株生物量积累最高,为394 g/株,与其相比,8.3万株/hm2密度处理的单株生物量(376 g/株)未显著降低,且单位面积生物量积累最大,可达3 138 g/m2。茎秆汁液锤度随行距增大呈增加趋势,株距26.7 cm处理锤度显著高于株距13.3和20.0 cm处理。在行距60 cm×株距20 cm(密度8.3万株/hm2)配置下,该品种能够获得最高的单位面积生物产量,而茎秆汁液锤度无显著变化。     

马铃薯瓢虫自然种群生命表初步研究

通过对马铃薯瓢虫自然种群的田间系统调查和室内实验种群的饲养观察,组建了以作用因子组配的马铃薯瓢虫自然种群生命表,结果表明：马铃薯瓢虫世代种群趋势指数（I）为37.28,世代总成活率为16%。控制指数大小比较结果表明,捕食和雨水冲刷是威胁种群生存的最重要阻碍因子。     

玉屏油茶果实性状的相关性和主成分分析

为选育玉屏油茶优良无性系,对自然生长群体的油茶果实性状进行了变异程度、相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,个体间单株鲜子重、鲜果产量及鲜果含油率间存在明显差异,干子含油率最高为42.23%、最低为17.19%;单株鲜果产量与单株总果数间呈极显著正相关(r=0.759);鲜子含油率与干子含油率呈极显著正相关(r=0.664),与果皮厚度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.397);12个数量性状可归纳为4个主成分,分别为产量因子、含油量因子、果型因子和果皮厚度因子,积累贡献率为76.887%。为选育优质高产新品系,可依据各主成分贡献率的大小,以主成分为单位选育优质高产的油茶个体,优先选择果大、皮薄、高干子含油率性状结合的个体作为后代材料。     

施氮对南疆干旱荒漠绿洲枣棉间作棉田根际微生物区系的影响研究

为了提高农林间作立体种植模式下的养分利用效率,保障干旱荒漠绿洲的农业可持续发展和农田生态环境的健康稳定,以新疆阿克苏地区典型的枣棉间作农田为研究对象,通过田间小区试验和室内测试,研究了0、150、300、450、600、750 kg/hm²等6种施氮水平对间作棉花根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响。结果表明：300 kg/hm²和450 kg/hm²施氮量能显著增加蕾期、花期和吐絮期微生物总数量。细菌和放线菌在整个生育期中蕾期数量最少,铃期和花期较高,吐絮期次之。真菌数量各个时期变化不大。适宜施氮量能增加铃期枣棉间作交际行棉花根际土微生物数量,有效的调节微生物区系。     

Heritability of larval and juvenile growth for two stocks of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum

The heritability of larval and juvenile growth in natural and cultured populations of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was estimated using an unbalanced nested design and an artificial fertilization technique. A total of 33 full‐sib families and 10 half‐sib families were obtained from the natural population in Shihe (Dalian, Liaoning Province in the north‐eastern part of China), whereas 11 half‐sib families and 33 full‐sib families were generated from the cultured population in Putian (Fujian Province in the south‐eastern part of China). The offspring from each family were reared under the same hatchery and nursery conditions. Results from these studies led to estimates indicating a significantly greater influence due to the dam component compared with the sire component for both natural and cultured populations, which was mainly due to maternal effect. We found that the heritability estimates obtained from the intra‐group correlation of sire half‐sib were precise and unbiased. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of shell length for the Manila clam in the natural population (NP) at larval (at the age of 9 days) and juvenile (at the age of 30 days) stages were 0.22 ± 0.11 and 0.39 ± 0.14, respectively, whereas those in the cultured population (CP) were 0.17 ± 0.09 and 0.87 ± 0.24 respectively. The heritabilities of both NP and CP at 3 days were not significantly different from zero, and were ?0.03 for NP and ?0.14 for CP. These results suggest that selection should be highly effective in Manila clam, and that selecting either a natural or a cultured population for producing faster growing larvae and juveniles should be successful. Selective breeding could thus be used to develop high‐quality seed that would facilitate the development of a shorter culture cycle and higher yields.     

Abundance, niche breadth, and niche occupation of Central European tree species in the centre and at the margin of their distribution range

How abundance, niche breadth and niche occupation of species change within the distribution range remains unresolved for tree floras. We compared populations of three common and three rare European tree species in the distribution centre and at the eastern margin with respect to abundance, niche breadth, and preferential occurrence along several soil-related niche axes. We hypothesised: (i) that abundance is higher, and niche breadth greater, in the distribution centre than at the margin, (ii) that the occupied niche differs between central and marginal populations with species being restricted to more favourable soils at the margin, and (iii) that common and rare species show different patterns.We characterised the occupied niche and niche breadth in a semi-quantitative way and discuss the role of human impact on tree abundance in the light of evidence from paleoecology and forest dynamics research.Five of the six species are more abundant in the centre than at the margin, at least in the natural vegetation prior to human intervention. In contrast to soil niche breadth, the preference for soil chemical and hydrological properties differed between centre and margin. Contrary to expectation, a shift to less fertile and partly also drier sites at the margin was observed, although bedrocks which give rise to the development of fertile soils were more frequent in Slovakia (ca. 49% of the total area compared to 20% in Central Germany) and bedrock types which produce infertile soils were more abundant in Central Germany (about 23% vs. 2% in Slovakia).While the abundant-centre-distribution hypothesis is supported by our data, we found no conclusive evidence of competitive displacement of weaker competitors and of a niche shift of superior competitors to more favourable sites at the range margin. Factors other than competition must be responsible for the observed niche shifts. Higher drought stress does not seem to be a limiting factor at the eastern margin, where dry sites were occupied more frequently compared to the centre.     

北京密云水库集水区刺槐种群生活史特征

该文以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,在对密云地区进行调查的基础上,编制刺槐种群静态生命表,绘制了刺槐的存活曲线、死亡率曲线、亏损率曲线、死亡密度函数曲线、积累死亡函数曲线和危险率函数曲线,分析种群生命过程,研究了北京密云地区刺槐人工林刺槐种群动态和数量特征。结果表明,刺槐存活曲线趋于Deevey--Ⅰ型,并应用谱分析方法研究了刺槐种群动态,在刺槐种群更新过程中存在着明显的周期性;刺槐种群在群落中占优势地位。     

同/异型乳酸菌对青贮玉米开窖后品质及微生物的影响

该研究旨在分析添加不同发酵类型的乳酸菌处理对开窖后玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮发酵品质、微生物数量及有氧稳定性的影响,为生产实践提供参考。设计4个添加乳酸菌玉米青贮处理：CK处理（不加任何菌剂）;T处理（同型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus plantarum和Pediococcus acidilactici复合添加,添加量为1∶1,1×105 cfu/g;Y处理（异型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus buchneri,添加量为1×105 cfu/g;TY处理（同型+异型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus plantarum、Pediococcus acidilactici和Lactobacillus buchneri复合添加,添加量为1∶1∶1,1×105 cfu/g。发酵期为60 d,检测开窖后各处理第0、48、96、144、192、240 h发酵品质及微生物的变化,应用隶属函数法对玉米青贮发酵品质及微生物数量进行综合评判。结果表明Y和TY处理的有氧稳定时间显著高于其余处理（63.87～64.67 h,P<0.05）,分别达到195.58和196.21 h,且乙酸质量分数始终显著高于CK和T处理（P<0.05）。T处理pH值始终显著低于其余处理（P<0.05）,且乳酸质量分数始终显著高于CK和Y处理（P<0.05）。Y处理WSC（water soluble carbohydrate）质量分数始终显著高于其余处理（P<0.05）,霉菌数量始终显著低于其余处理（P<0.05）。CK处理的NH3-N质量分数,好氧细菌数量及CO2产量始终显著高于其余处理（P<0.05）。开窖时间与各处理的CO2产量、乳酸菌和酵母菌数量分别满足Allometric1,ExpDec1和Logistic非线性关系,与霉菌和好氧细菌数量呈一元线性关系。综合评价排序：Y处理>TY处理>T处理>CK处理。因此,单一添加异型发酵乳酸菌的玉米青贮,开窖后在改善发酵品质、降低有害微生物数量、提高有氧稳定性方面均优于单一添加同型或复合添加乳酸菌的玉米青贮。     

Habitat use in eight populations of Sceloporus grammicus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the Mexican Plateau

Studies on habitat use have often helped explain observed variation in morphology, behavior and reproductive characteristics among populations within a single species. Here we analyze morphological and ecological characteristics of individuals from the Sceloporus grammicus species complex from 7 different localities (CER, El Cerezo; PAC, Pachuca; HUI, Huichapan; EZA, Emiliano Zapata; SMR, San Miguel Regla; LMJ, La Mojonera; and LMZ, La Manzana) in the state of Hidalgo, and one locality (Cahuacán) in the State of Mexico. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that females from PAC, EZA, LMZ, HUI, SMR and CAH populations use similar microhabitats characterized mostly by bare soil, in females from LMJ and CER use microhabitats characterized primarily by vegetation and rocks. Females were observed using 12 different types of perches. With regard to perch height use, the CCA showed that females from PAC, LMJ, LMZ, SMR, CER and CAH populations were correlated with height to nearest perch (HNP), in the rest of the females were not related to any perch use variable. In contrast, the CCA showed that males from PAC, LMJ and CAH were characterized by microhabitats with higher vegetal coverage, while males from LMZ and CER used microhabitats composed of bare soil, but males from HUI and SMR populations used microhabitats composed chiefly of bare soil and rocks. With respect to perch height use, the CCA showed that males from PAC, LMJ, EZA and LMZ were correlated with distance to the nearest perch, but the rest of the males were not correlated with any perch use variables. Males were observed in 9 different perch types. The males were larger than the females in all morphological variables analyzed. Moreover, in both sexes the snout–vent length is positively correlated with all morphological variables, and although both the slope and ordinate of the origin of all morphological variables were larger in males than females, the analysis of covariance indicated that there is no increase in the morphological variables with increasing SVL between sexes. Our results suggest that variation in habitat use and morphology among populations is an adaptive response (phenotypic plasticity) to the environmental conditions where these populations of Sceloporus grammicus occur.