基于退耕的环京津贫困地区生态补偿标准研究

以环京津贫困地区的生态退耕为背景,结合退耕还林工程的实际情况,对该区域生态补偿标准进行了初步研究。主要从"生态退耕"、"土地资源合理利用"和"环境权利与义务的公正分配"三个不同的角度讨论了生态补偿标准的构成,并以张承地区17个贫困县为例进行了基于退耕的生态补偿标准的测算,以期促进生态补偿区和受益区经济的协调发展。     

Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay layer from slurry state under wetting-drying cycles

Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in clay layer. Four identical slurry specimens were prepared and subjected to five subsequent W-D cycles. The water evaporation, surface cracks evolution and structure evolution during the W-D cycles were monitored. The effect of W-D cycles on the geometric characteristics of crack patterns was analyzed by image processing. The results show that the desiccation and cracking behaviour was significantly affected by the applied W-D cycles: the measured cracking water content θ_c, surface crack ratio R_sc and final thickness h_f of the specimen increased significantly in the first three W-D cycles and then tended to reach equilibrium; the formed crack patterns after the second W-D cycle were more irregular than that after the first W-D cycle; the increase of surface cracks was accompanied by the decrease of pore volume shrinkage during drying. In addition, it was found that the applied W-D cycles resulted in significant rearrangement of specimen structure: the initially homogeneous and non-aggregated structure was converted to a clear aggregated-structure with obvious inter-aggregate pores after the second W-D cycle; the specimen volume generally increased with increasing cycles due to the aggregation and increased porosity. The image analysis results show that the geometric characteristics of crack pattern were significantly influenced by the W-D cycles, but this influence was reduced after the third cycle. This is consistent with the observations over the experiment, and indicates that the image processing can be used for quantitatively analyzing the W-D cycle dependence of clay desiccation cracking behaviour.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

“水土保持规划与设计”课程实践环节设计

针对原"水土保持规划"课程教学中存在的问题,提出的新"水土保持规划与设计"课程是根据我国目前生产实际的需求,在原"水土保持规划"课程基础上整合形成的一门实践性很强的水土保持与荒漠化防治专业骨干课程。新"水土保持规划与设计"教学实践环节体系设计了"规划整体"和"典型流域治理措施设计"2个方向共8个方面的具体内容,既可反映整体水土保持规划的要求,更好地完成教学大纲中规定的要求,又可使学生牢固地掌握规划编制的内容和深度,同时有助于提高课程教学质量和学生的实践能力。     

榆林市风沙区水土保持植物配置模式初探

榆林市风沙区是我国西北黄土高原地区水土流失最为严重的地区之一,合理配置水土保持植物措施,可有效降低风沙危害、减少入黄泥沙、改善生态环境。根据该区立地条件类型的划分,以小叶杨、沙柳、沙棘、柠条、爬地柏等乔灌木为主,提出4种水土保持植物配置模式:1)对于平缓沙丘及丘间低地,采用迎风坡前方下部种植灌木或每隔1个沙丘进行乔灌混交的种植模式;2)对盖沙土梁峁坡及沟坡,采用在沟坡配置灌木纯林,梁峁坡为乔灌混交的模式;3)沟谷地川滩地地势平坦,坡度较小,以农田防护林带建设为主;4)盐碱土河滩地主要选择耐盐渍的树种和草种,与河水主流方向成30°～45°交角栽植林带,采取行间混交或带状混交。这些水土保持植物配置模式可为同类地区的水土保持植被建设提供借鉴。     

基于“3414”模型研究宁夏盐池县玉米氮磷钾施肥效应

2008年在盐池县具有代表性的土壤类型上进行了玉米＂3414＂试验,结果表明：地力贡献率为54.84%,说明土壤属于中等肥力。N、P、K对玉米产量影响大小顺序为N〉P〉K,增产效果居首位的为氮肥,施用纯N 240 kg/hm2的增产效应达到2 751.45 kg/hm2;P肥的增产幅度次之,施用纯P 120 kg/hm2的增产效应达到1 023.45 kg/hm;施用纯K 75kg/hm2的增产效应为236.7 kg/hm2。在不同肥料的交互作用中,N×P的交互作用对产量影响最大,N×P〉N×K〉P×K。施氮（N）量为360 kg/hm2,施磷量（P）为107.81 kg/hm2,施钾量（K）为4.30 kg/hm2时,玉米产量最高为7 652.23 kg/hm2。玉米产量与N、P、K肥料效应回归模型为三元二次多项式回归模型,经显著性检验达到极显著水平,可以为玉米生产施肥提供借鉴。     

城市绿地土壤理化性质和Pb、Cd含量空间分布——以重庆市北碚区为例

城市绿地土壤作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,对城市的可持续发展有重要的意义。为了更好地了解城市绿地土壤、充分发挥其功能,该文对重庆市北碚城区土壤容重、pH、有机质、CEC等理化性质和Cd、Pb含量的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:西南部的土壤容重和pH值高于东北部;有机质整体偏高,且东北部高于西南部;西南部地区绿地土壤CEC含量略高于东北部;东北部地区土壤Cd和Pb含量高于西南部地区。绿地土壤在短时间内受到人为干预较为显著,但随着绿地土壤利用年限的增加,有向其所在地自然土壤特性发展的趋势。与土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）相比,Pb、Cd含量均以二级标准为主,虽然其对人类和环境的危害性现在还没有体现出来,但随着时间推移,其危害性会逐渐体现出来,应引起我们的高度重视。     

且末绿洲适宜规模研究

干旱区平原绿洲,应以水为中心确定绿洲规模,防止水资源不足情况下土地过度开发造成的荒漠化和沙漠化。应用基于生态水热平衡的适宜绿洲规模数学模型,对且末绿洲现状年的绿洲适宜发展规模进行了研究。结果表明：（1）且末绿洲稳定性指数为0.535 8,绿洲处于亚稳定状态,生态系统呈开始退化趋势,绿洲需要较高的投入才能保持稳定。（2）且末绿洲适宜规模为609.22～812.29km2,且末绿洲适宜耕地面积为92.66～123.55km2。通过资料可知,且末绿洲现有规模为992.16km2,超出适宜规模0.2～0.6倍;现有耕地面积为150.88km2,也超出了适宜耕地面积的0.2～0.6倍。从生态可持续角度出发,绿洲面积不宜再扩大。     

鄱阳湖区棉田不同种植模式的截流保肥效果

通过不同棉花栽培方式的田间试验,分析了不同的栽培措施对棉田径流拦截和肥料保持的效果。结果表明,棉花间种蔬菜、棉田翻耕覆盖及棉田免耕覆盖技术均可以有效地减少棉田的水土和肥料流失,且以免耕覆盖的泥沙流失量和翻耕覆盖的径流量、养分流失量最小,分别较常规栽培减少52.99%和50%、10.71%。     

门头沟山区矿产废弃地及公路边坡植被恢复技术适应性研究

对在北京市门头沟区典型矿产废弃地和裸露公路边坡实施的8种植被恢复技术的效果进行了调查与分析,结果表明:对潭柘寺及妙峰山石灰窑废弃地进行的人工景观修复效果最佳,植被覆盖度达85%以上,美景度达优级,居民满意度最高;付家台公路上边坡绿化笼砖裸岩生态修复技术和黄土台无土碎石边坡创新生态修复技术的植被恢复效果也较好,冲蚀量及入渗速率都有明显的改善,但无土碎石边坡植被恢复中,容器苗修复技术存在着植株成活率较低的问题;百花山景区公路沿线采用客土移栽修复技术植被恢复效果显著,但这种技术对土质及坡度都有较高的要求,具有一定的局限性;植生袋及保育棒修复技术虽然植被盖度较高,但所用植株较低、绿期短,且存在建设成本较高的问题;挂网喷播修复技术具有较大的局限性,在坡角大于50°时,由于土壤冲蚀量大,坡面挂不住土层,所以植株无法正常生长,而在坡角小于50°时,一般无需使用这种技术,因为它的建设成本及维护成本较高。