Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha⁻¹ for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.     

利用Laplace变换求解一维波动方程的定解问题

运用Laplace变换的概念和一些主要性质研究了波动方程的定解问题,首先运用Laplace变换将波动方程转化为代数方程,再利用周期函数的Laplace逆变换公式求出方程的解,并举例验证了Laplace变换法的简便性.     

利用嵌固板理论计算隧洞衬砌施工期温度应力

阐述了嵌固板温度应力计算原理。利用嵌固板理论计算了三峡水利枢纽永久船闸输水系统隧洞衬砌NY9、NY10结构段的温度应力，并与实测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明，只要满足基本条件，利用嵌固板理论计算隧洞衬砌施工期温度应力并进而制定温控措施是可行的。     

困惑与突围:中国电视新闻评论节目的现状与前瞻

近两年来,与电视民生新闻的红透半边天相对照,一度倍受青睐的电视新闻评论节目却日渐式微。文章在对中国电视新闻评论节目的生存现状做出较为深刻的反思之后,提出了一些摆脱窘迫、寻求突围的策略,并试图为中国电视新闻评论节目的未来走向做出较为合理的预测与前瞻。     

关于引文评价指标中的三个问题

在调查的基础上对期刊被引频次﹑影响因子和反应速率三个指标进行了客观的分析。结果表明,简单的以被引频次对科技期刊进行学术排名、不加以区分的一律按照＂两年制＂计算影响因子和以期刊出版年界定期刊被引时间都是不够严谨的。     

Monitoring desertification processes in Mongolian Plateau using MODIS tasseled cap transformation and TGSI time series

Most remote sensing studies assess the desertification using vegetation monitoring method. But it has the insufficient precision of vegetation monitoring for the limited vegetation cover of the desertification region. Therefore, it offers an alternative approach for the desertification research to assess sand dune and sandy land change using remote sensing in the desertification region. In this study, the indices derived from the well-known tasseled cap transformation(TCT), tasseled cap angle(TCA),disturbance index(DI), process indicator(PI), and topsoil grain size index(TGSI) were integrated to monitor and assess the desertification at the thirteen study sites including sand dunes and sandy lands distributed in the Mongolian Plateau(MP) from 2000 to 2015. A decision tree was used to classify the desertification on a regional scale. The average overall accuracy of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 desertification classification was higher than 90%. Results from this study indicated that integration of the advantages of TCA, DI and TGSI could better assess the desertification. During the last 16 years, Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, and Ulan Buh Desert showed a relative stabilization. Otindag Sandy Land and the deserts of Khar Nuur, Ereen Nuur, Tsagan Nuur, Khongoryn Els, Hobq, and Mu Us showed a slow increasing of desertification, whereas Bayan Gobi, Horqin and Hulun Buir sandy lands showed a slow decreasing of desertification. Compared with the other 11 sites, the fine sand dunes occupied the majority of the Tengger Desert, and the coarse sandy land occupied the majority of the Horqin Sandy Land. Our findings on a three or four years' periodical fluctuated changes in the desertification may possibly reflect changing precipitation and soil moisture in the MP. Further work to link the TCA, DI,TGSI, and PI values with the desertification characteristics is recommended to set the thresholds and improve the assessment accuracy with field investigation.     

Changes of forest fire regime and landscape pattern under different harvesting modes in a boreal forest of Northeast China

Forest management such as timber harvesting shapes fire regimes and landscape patterns, and these patterns often differ significantly from those under natural disturbances. Our objective was to examine the effects of timber harvesting modes on fire regimes and landscape patterns in a boreal forest of Northeast China. We used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of forest landscape in the Huzhong forest region of the Great Khingan Mountains under no-cutting, clear-cutting, gradual-cutting and selective-cutting modes. Results showed that:(1) the fine fuel loadings generally decreased while the coarse fuel loadings increased with the increase of timber harvesting intensity;(2) the potential burn area significantly varied among different cutting modes, but the potential fire frequency had no obvious difference. Moreover, timber harvesting generally increased the potential fire risk;(3) clear-cutting mode significantly decreased the mean patch size and the aggregation of larch forests and increased the mean patch size and the aggregation of white birch forests. Therefore, clear-cutting mode should be abandoned, and selective-cutting mode be recommended for the sustainable forest management in the Great Khingan Mountains.     

基于SRTM-DEM和TM的流动沙丘提取方法研究

以塔克拉玛干沙漠的流动沙丘地貌为例,进行数字地貌形态提取方法研究。首先,利用高精度Srtm-DEM数据派生出坡度和起伏度两个地形因子数据,并参考坡度和起伏度的分类指标,实现沙地和沙丘边界线的自动提取,将风成地貌按照形态特征区分出沙地和沙丘两种地貌类型。其次,利用数学分析方法,根据斑块指数值的大小初步确定复合流动沙丘的类型。最后,基于高空间分辨率的遥感影像的色调、纹理、结构等特征,建立典型流动沙丘地貌特征的遥感影像特征图谱,依据遥感图谱进一步确定复合流动沙丘的类型,实现典型复合流动沙丘地貌形态和成因特征的计算机智能化提取方法。研究结果表明:该方法目前可以实现流动沙丘中的复合型链垄状沙丘、复合型沙垄、穹状沙丘和蜂窝状沙丘的智能化提取。     

Hilbert空间中渐近非扩张半群不动点的粘性逼近研究

研究了Hilbert空间中渐近非扩张半群不动点的粘性逼近,得到了渐近非扩张半群不动点的强收敛定理。     

生物质结皮制剂在民勤流动沙区恢复植被的作用

利用矿物质材料和生物高分子材料的环境友好和吸湿保水的特性制作形成结皮,对立地条件极端恶劣的流动沙丘进行植被恢复.首先将草籽(黄蒿籽)撒播于目的沙丘表面,然后将与砂土混匀的结皮制剂均匀地撒在沙地表面,最后,洒木质素液使结皮凝固并用围栏封育试验区.通过调查结皮制剂施用后沙丘植物的种类、覆盖度、生长状况等植被恢复指标,分析了生物质结皮制剂在流动沙区植被恢复的效果.研究结果表明:结皮封育区内大量草籽萌发,达1000颗/m2;结皮区植物物种丰富度为13,对照区仅为2,物种多样性和均匀度指数也高于对照区,分别为1.57(Shannon-Weaver index H)、0.41(Simpson index D)和0.81(Pielou index),对照区则分别为0.47、0.40和0.68;结皮区植物生长期较对照延长,2010年早春提前10 d萌发,深秋枯黄延迟约20 d;结皮区植物在干旱季节亦可生长存活;2010年9月,结皮区沙丘植被盖度可达38%,对照区植被盖度仅为4%.研究结果表明该制剂可能在寒区旱区困难立地条件下的植被恢复工作中具有较大的潜在应用价值.