Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

几种叶面肥料在小菊上的筛选与应用研究

试验采用单因素随机区组设计,叶面喷施肥料的施肥方法,应用方差分析和多重比较分析试验数据,从而筛选出小菊最佳的营养元素配方。试验从不同叶面肥料在小菊上的筛选与应用研究的试验结果得到：小菊对肥料具有较强的选择性：三高灵的施用能够增加小菊的开花数量和鲜叶片叶绿素的含量；宝力丰的施用能提高小菊单株的干物重；OPAL的施用能延长小菊开花的花期。     

利用高等数学推导边际分析在经济学中的应用

本文从高等数学的基本理论导数的概念出发，引出了经济管理学中重要的概念边际函数，通过介绍经济科学中常用的函数及大量的实例，探讨了高等数学在经济管理学中的应用，给出了解决这些问题的一般方法。     

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.     

NM－1号抗旱剂的研究

试验结果表明谷子在—１３．９Ｐａ的负压下发芽率只有２４．０％，在—１６．７３Ｐａ时发芽率为１６．３％。用０．５％的ＮＭ—１号抗旱剂包衣后，在—１６．７３Ｐａ的负压下发芽率可达６５．６％，比对照提高４９．３％。同０．５％的ＮＭ—１抗旱剂在大豆现蕾期喷施叶面１次，相对收获株率为１１５．３８％，相对千粒量为１０７．７％，增产率为４０，２７％。玉米在６叶期喷施０．５％的抗旱剂后，饱和亏减少４．０９ｇ，是对照的４３．８１％；干物质积累比对照快６７．１９％，蒸腾系数减少８．３６ｇ。     

施肥对红三叶群落营养元素含量和积累量的影响

本文研究了施肥对红三叶群落地上部和地下部 1 0种营养元素的影响 ,结果如下 :( 1 )从含量看 ,施氮肥后 ,地上部B明显降低 ,地下部B明显升高 ;施磷肥后 ,地上部N、B显著下降 ,地下部K、P、N上升幅度较大。 ( 2 )就积累量而言 ,施氮肥后 ,地上部大多数元素增高 ,地下部多数元素降低或无变化 ;施磷肥后 ,无论地上部还是地下部 ,大多数元素均有所增高     

永城县土壤养分变化动态与培肥措施

对永城县1982年至1987年土壤养分变化动态进行了定点分析研究.共分析了三十个乡的257个土样。土壤有机质和氮素含量1987年比1982年相应提高25%和41.4%;而速效磷和钾则相应降低36.1%和89.9%;微量元素有效锌、硼、钼含量均属中低级水平。据此提出了相应的培肥措施.     

引起笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的主要因素研究

本试验以营养因子、产蛋率、钙源、笼养生态等角度对笼养蛋鸡疲劳症进行综合研究,寻找引起笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的主要因素及减少笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的途径。     

四种杀菌剂对小麦根病病原菌的室内药效试验

室内药效试验表明：麦根宁1号、敌力脱对小麦根腐病菌的生长均有良好的抑制作用。麦根宁Ⅰ号稀释300倍时，平均抑菌圈直径最大；敌力脱稀释800倍时，平均抑菌圈直径最大。同时，麦根宁Ⅰ号、敌力脱Ⅱ号，粉锈宁对小麦全蚀病菌生长也有明显的抑制作用。粉锈宁，麦根宁Ⅰ，Ⅱ号在稀释10000倍时，抑菌率均达100％；敌力脱在稀释15000倍时，平均抑菌率仍达89．7％。     

造林新材料在岱山海岛造林中的应用

通过3种造林新材料在岱山海岛造林中的应用,观测它们对提高造林成活率的影响.结果表明:3种造林新材料对提高夹竹桃Nerium indicum造林成活率基本没有影响,科瀚98对枫香Liquidambar formosana和银杏Ginkgo biloba造林成活率影响较小.植树宝、科瀚98和GGR可显著提高女贞Ligustrum lucidum,重阳木Bischofia javanica,香樟Cinnamomum camphora和木荷Schima superba的造林成活率.图1表1参6